Log in

Acidity in pillared clays: origin and catalytic manifestations

  • Published:
Topics in Catalysis Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Acidity in pillared clays is a broad topic, and one which has been reviewed before [1-3]. Since it is difficult to be exhaustive, the present contribution is divided in two parts. The first one tries to establish relationships between observed acidity and structural data in the only case which is sufficiently understood to date, i.e., [Al13] in smectite clays. The second part is concerned with the acid catalytic properties of pillared clays. They are classified according to the types of reactions. While most references are concerned with [Al13]@smectites, other systems will be considered too as the need arises.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. M.Y. He, Z.H. Liu and E.Z. Min, Catal. Today 2 (1988) 321.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. E.Z. Min, in: Zeolites and Microporous Crystals, eds. T. Hattori and T. Yashima, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., Vol. 83 (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1994) p. 443.

    Google Scholar 

  3. F. Figueras, Catal.Rev. Sci. Eng. 30 (1988) 457.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. J.Y. Bottero, J.P. Marchal, J.E. Poirier, J. Cases and F. Fiessinger, Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 11-12 (1982) 439.

    Google Scholar 

  5. G. Furrer, C. Ludwig and P.W. Schindler, J. Coll. Interf. Sci. 149 (1992) 56.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. H. Knözinger and P. Ratnasamy, Catal. Rev. Sci. Eng. 17 (1978) 31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. C. Contescu, J. Jagiello and J.A. Schwartz, Langmuir 9 (1993) 1754.

  8. G. Fu, L.F. Nazar and A.D. Bain, Chem. Mater. 3 (1991) 602.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. M.L. Occelli and R.M. Tindwa, Clays Clay Miner. 31 (1983) 22.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. D. Plee, A. Schutz, G. Poncelet and J.J. Fripiat, in: Catalysis by Acids and Bases, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., Vol. 20, eds. B. Imelik, C. Naccache, G. Coudurier, Y. Ben Taarit and J.C. Vedrine (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1985).

    Google Scholar 

  11. Z.H. Liu and G.D. Song, in: Zeolites, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., Vol. 24, eds. B. Drzaj, S. Hocevar and S. Pejovnik (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1985) p. 493.

    Google Scholar 

  12. D. Tichit, F. Fajula, F. Figueras, J. Bouquet and C. Gueguen, in: Catalysis by Acids and Bases, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., Vol. 20, eds. B. Imelik, C. Naccache, G. Goudurier, Y. Ben Taarit and J.C. Vedrine (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1985) p. 351.

    Google Scholar 

  13. G. Poncelet and A. Schutz, in: Chemical Reactions in Organic and Inorganic Constrained Systems (Reidel, Dordrecht, 1986) p. 165.

    Google Scholar 

  14. D.T.B. Tennakoon, W. Jones and J.M. Thomas, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. I 82 (1986) 3081.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. A. Molinard, P. Cool and E.F. Vansant, Micropor. Mater. 3 (1994) 149.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. J.J. Fripiat, Catal. Today 2 (1988) 281.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. A. Clearfield, H.M. Aly, A. Cahill, G.P.D. Serrette, W.L. Shea and T.Y. Tsai, in: Zeolites and Microporous Crystals, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., Vol. 83, eds. T. Hattori and T. Yashima (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1994) p. 433.

    Google Scholar 

  18. J.-F. Lambert, S. Chevalier, R. Franck, H. Suquet and D. Barthomeuf, J.Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 90 (1994) 675.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. L. Bergaoui, J.-F. Lambert, R. Franck, H. Suquet and J.L. Robert, J.Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 91 (1995) 2229.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. D. Plee, F. Borg, L. Gatineau and J.J. Fripiat, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 107 (1985) 2362.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. T.J. Pinnavaia, S.D. Landau, M.S. Tzou, I.D. Johnson and M. Lipsicas, J.Am.Chem. Soc. 107 (1985) 7222.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. D. Coster, A.L. Blumenfeld and J.J. Fripiat, J. Phys. Chem. 98 (1994) 6201.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. S. Chevalier, R. Franck, H. Suquet, J.-F. Lambert and D. Barthomeuf, J.Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 90 (1994) 667.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. R.B. Borade and A. Clearfield, J. Phys.Chem. 96 (1992) 6729.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. C.J. Jia, P. Massiani and D. Barthomeuf, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 89 (1993) 3659.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. M.L. Occelli, K. Takahama, M. Yokoyama and S. Hirao, in: Expanded Clays and OtherMicroporous Solids, eds. M.L. Occelli and H. Robson (Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1991) p. 57.

    Google Scholar 

  27. A. Schutz, D. Plee, F. Borg, P. Jacobs, G. Poncelet and J.J. Fripiat, in: Proc. Int. Clay Conf., Denver 1987, eds. L.G. Schulz, H.V. Olphen and F. Mumptons (The Clay Minerals Soc., Bloomington) p. 305.

    Google Scholar 

  28. S. Bodoardo, F. Figueras and E. Garrone, J. Catal. 147 (1994) 223.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. S.A. Bagshawand R.P. Cooney, Chem. Mater. 7 (1995) 1384.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. S. Chevalier, R. Franck, J.-F. Lambert, D. Barthomeuf and H. Suquet, ClayMiner. 25 (1992) 245.

    Google Scholar 

  31. J. Mérida-Robles and E. Rodriguez-Castellon, in: Advances in Porous Materials, eds. S. Komarneni and D.M. Smith (Becks, Pittsburgh, 1995) p. 169.

    Google Scholar 

  32. J.-R. Butruille, PhD Thesis, Michigan State University, USA (1992).

  33. J.-R. Butruille, L.J. Michot, O. Barrés and T.J. Pinnavaia, J. Catal. 139 (1993) 664.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. S.M. Bradley and R.A. Kydd, J. Catal. 141 (1993) 239.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Y.F. Shen, A.N. Ko and P. Grange, Appl. Catal. 67 (1990) 93.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. J. Sterte, in: Preparation of Catalysts V-Scientific Bases for the Preparation of Heterogeneous Catalysts, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., Vol. 63, eds. G. Poncelet, P.A. Jacobs, P. Grange and B. Delmon (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1991) p. 301.

    Google Scholar 

  37. L. Bergaoui, J.-F. Lambert, H. Suquet and M. Che, J. Phys. Chem. 99 (1995) 2155.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. R.K. Kukkadapu and L. Kevan, J. Phys. Chem. 92 (1988) 6073.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. R.K. Kukkadapu and L. Kevan, J. Phys. Chem. 93 (1989) 1654.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. V. Luca, R. Kukkadapu and L. Kevan, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 87 (1991) 3083.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. L. Bergaoui, J.-F. Lambert, H. Suquet and M. Che, J. Chim. Phys. 92 (1995) 1486.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. T.J. Bandosz, J. Jagiello, K. Putyera and J.A. Schwarz, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 90 (1994) 3573.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. T.J. Bandosz, J. Jagiello and J.A. Schwarz, J. Phys. Chem. 99 (1995) 13523.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. J. Jagiello and J.-F. Lambert, unpublished.

  45. G.W. Brindley and A. Tsunashima, Clays ClayMiner. 21 (1973) 233.

    Google Scholar 

  46. G.W. Brindley and R. Sempels, Clay Miner. 12 (1977) 229.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. S. Yamanaka and G.W. Brindley, Clays Clay Miner. 26 (1978) 21.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. S. Yamanaka and G.W. Brindley, Clays Clay Miner. 27 (1979) 119.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. S. Yamanaka and G.W. Brindley, Amer. Mineral. 64 (1979) 830.

    Google Scholar 

  50. D.E.W. Vaughan, R.J. Lussier and J.S. Magee, US Patent 4,176,090 (1981).

  51. D.E.W. Vaughan, R.J. Lussier and J.S. Magee, US Patent 4,271,043 (1981).

  52. D.E.W. Vaughan, R.J. Lussier and J.S. Magee, Ger. Patent 3,036,652 (1981).

  53. D.E.W. Vaughan, R.J. Lussier and J.S. Magee, US Patent 4,248,739 (1981).

  54. D.E.W. Vaughan and R.J. Lussier, in: Proc. 5th Int. Zeolite Conf., ed. L.V.C. Rees (Heyden, London, 1980) p. 94.

    Google Scholar 

  55. R.J. Lussier, J.S. Magee and D.E.W. Vaughan, in: 7th Canad. Symp. on Catalysis, Prepr. Chem. Inst.Canada (1980) p. 88.

  56. M.L. Occelli and J.E. Lester, Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev. 24 (1985) 27.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. M.L. Occelli, R.A. Innes, F.S.S. Hwu and J.W. Hightower, Appl.Catal. 14 (1985) 69.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. J. Shabtai, F.E. Massoth, M. Tokarz, G.M. Tsai and J.M. Cauley, in: 8th Int. Congr. on Catalysis, Vol. IV (Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, 1984) p. 735.

  59. D.E.W. Vaughan, Catal. Today 2 (1988) 187.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. M.L. Occelli, in: Preparation of Catalysts V-Scientific Bases for the Preparation of Heterogeneous Catalysts, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., Vol. 63, eds. G. Poncelet, P.A. Jacobs, P. Grange and B. Delmon (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1991) p. 287.

    Google Scholar 

  61. D. Tichit, F. Fajula, F. Figueras, C. Gueguen and J. Bousquet, in: Fluid Cracking Catalysts, ed. M.L. Occelli, (Am. Chem. Soc., Washington, 1988) p. 239.

    Google Scholar 

  62. D. Tichit, F. Fajula, F. Figueras, C. Gueguen and J. Bousquet, in: Proc. 9th Int. Congr. on Catalysis, Vol. 1, Calgary 1988, eds. M.J. Phillips and M. Ternan (Chem. Inst. Canada, Ottawa, 1988) p. 112.

    Google Scholar 

  63. J.R. Harris, D.R. Battiste and B.J. Bertus, US Patent 4,742,033 (1988).

  64. D.R. Battiste, J.R. Harris, G.D. Parks and B.J. Bertus, US Patent 4,719,191 (1988).

  65. J. Sterte and J. Shabtai, Clays Clay Miner. 35 (1987) 429.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. J.R. Butruille and T.J. Pinnavaia, Catal. Today 14 (1992) 141.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. R. Mokaya and W. Jones, J.Catal. 135 (1995) 76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. F. Figueras, Z. Klapyta, P. Massiani, Z. Mountassir, D. Tichit, F. Fajula, C. Gueguen, J. Bousquet and A. Auroux, Clays Clay Miner. 38 (1990) 257.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. G.J. Jie, M.E. Ze and Z.Q. Yu, Eur. Patent 197,012 (1986).

  70. S. Chevalier, R. Franck, J.-F. Lambert, D. Barthomeuf and H. Suquet, Appl. Catal. A 110 (1994) 153.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. J.W. Johnson and J.F. Brody, US Patent 5,248,644 (1993).

  72. M.L. Occelli, Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod.Res.Dev. 22 (1983) 553.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. M.L. Occelli, in: Keynotes in Energy-Related Catalysis, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., Vol. 35, ed. S. Kaliaguine (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1988) p. 101.

    Google Scholar 

  74. M.L. Occelli, Catal. Today 2 (1988) 339.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. M.L. Occelli and D.H. Finseth, J.Catal. 99 (1986) 316.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. M.L. Occelli, in: Proc. Int. Clay Conf., Denver 1985, eds. L.G. Schulz, H.V. Olphen and F. Mumptons (The Clay Minerals Soc., Bloomington, 1987) p. 319.

    Google Scholar 

  77. J. Guan and T.J. Pinnavaia, in: Soft Chemistry Routes to New Materials, Nantes 1994, eds. J. Rouxel, M. Tournoux and R. Brecs (TransTech Publications) p. 109.

  78. N.Y. Chen and T.F. Degnan, US Patent 4,962,074 (1990).

  79. C.K. Chitnis and J.A. Herbst, US Patent 5,151,394 (1992).

  80. P. Dufresne and C. Marcilly, French Patent 2,571,982 (1986).

  81. M.L. Occelli, US Patent 5,023,221 (1991).

  82. (a) J.S. Holmgren, S.A. Gembicki, M.W. Schoonover and J.A. Kocal, US Patent 5,114,895 (1992)

  83. J.S. Holmgren, US Patent 5,389,593 (1995).

  84. K.A. Carrado, S.L. Suib, N.D. Skoularikis and R.W. Coughlin, Inorg.Chem. 25 (1986) 4217.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. N.D. Skoularikis, R.W. Coughlin, A. Kostapapas, K. Carrado and S.L. Suib, Appl. Catal. 39 (1988) 61.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. D.R. Battiste and J.R. Harris, US Patent 4,637,991 (1987).

  87. D.M. Hamilton, US Patent 4,640,764 (1987).

  88. M.L. Occelli and R.J. Rennard, Catal. Today 2 (1988) 309.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. P. Jacobs, G. Poncelet and A. Schutz, French Patent 81.16387 (1981).

  90. P. Jacobs, G. Poncelet and A. Schutz, Eur. Patent 73,718 (1983).

  91. D. Plee, A. Schutz, F. Borg, G. Poncelet, P. Jacobs, L. Gatineau and J.J. Fripiat, French Patent 2,563,446 (1984).

  92. J.J.L. Heinerman, I.L.C. Freriks, J. Gaaf, G.T. Pott and J.G.F. Coolegem, J.Catal. 80 (1983) 145.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. K.H.W. Robschlager, C.A. Emeis and R.A. van Santen, J. Catal. 86 (1984) 1.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. V.N. Parulekar and J.W. Hightower, Appl. Catal. 35 (1987) 249.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. S.A. Gomez, J. Aguilar, P. Bosch and G.A. Fuentes, Rev. Soc. Quim.Mex. 36 (1992) 645.

    Google Scholar 

  96. C. Doblin, J.F. Matthews and T.W. Turney, Appl. Catal. 70 (1991) 197.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. A. Schutz, W. Stone, G. Poncelet and J.J. Fripiat, Clays Clay Miner. 35 (1987) 251.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. A. Vieira-Coelho, J.A. Martens, P. Jacobs and G. Poncelet, to be published.

  99. A. Vieira-Coelho and G. Poncelet, Appl. Catal. 77 (1991) 303.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. R. Molina, A. Schutz and G. Poncelet, J. Catal. 145 (1994) 79.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. R. Molina, S. Moreno, A. Vieira-Coelho, J.A. Martens, P. Jacobs and G. Poncelet, J. Catal. 148 (1994) 304.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. S. Moreno, R.S. Kou and G. Poncelet, J.Catal., submitted.

  103. S. Moreno, R.S. Kou and G. Poncelet, J. Phys. Chem., in press.

  104. D.Z. Jiang, T. Sun, Z.Y. Liu, E.Z. Min and M.Y. He, Chin. J. Chem. 11 (1993) 509.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. D.Z. Jiang, T. Sun, Z.Y. Liu, E.Z. Min and M.Y. He, in: Proc. 9th Int. Zeolite Conf., Vol. 2, eds.R. von Ballmoos, J.B. Higgins and M.M.J. Traceys (Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston, 1993), p. 631.

    Google Scholar 

  106. J.T. Miller and T.D. Nevitt, US Patent 4,487,983 (1984).

  107. R. Gregory and D.J. Westlake, Eur. Patent 83,970 (1983).

  108. A.G. Ashton and M.P. Atkins, WO Patent 8503016 (1985).

  109. J.A. Kocal, US Patent 5,034,564 (1991).

  110. P.R. Kurek and J.S. Holmgren, US Patent 5,214,211 (1991).

  111. G. Salem and W.R. Kliewer, US Patent 5,308,812 (1994).

  112. R. Mokaya and W. Jones, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. (1994) 929.

  113. K. Urabe, H. Sakurai and Y. Izumi, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. (1986) 1074.

  114. J.R. Butruille and T.J. Pinnavaia, in: Multifunctional Mesoporous Inorganic Solids, Vol. 400, eds. C.A.C. Sequeira and M.J. Hudson (Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, 1993) p. 359.

    Google Scholar 

  115. T.J. Pinnavaia, J.R. Butruille, L. Michot and J.J. Guan, in: Synthesis and Properties of Advanced Catalytic Materials, Vol. 368 (1995) p. 347.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. K. Suzuki and T. Mori, Appl. Catal. 63 (1990) 181.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. M. Remy and G. Poncelet, to be published.

  118. S.M. Bradley and R.A. Kydd, J. Catal. 142 (1993) 448.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. K. Urabe, I. Kenmoku, K. Kawabe and Y. Izumi, in: New Frontiers in Catalysis, Proc. 10th Int. Congr. on Catalysis, Budapest 1992, eds. L. Guczi, F. Solymosi and P. Tétényi (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1993) p. 2605.

    Google Scholar 

  120. S. Vijayakumar, C. Vijaya, K. Rengaraj and B. Sivasankar, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 67 (1994) 3107.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. T.J. Pinnavaia, M.S. Tzou, S.D. Landau and R.H. Raythatha, J.Mol. Catal. 27 (1994) 195.

    Google Scholar 

  122. K. Weissermel and H.J. Arpe, in: Industrial Organic Chemistry (VerlagChemie, Weinheim, 1978) p. 278.

    Google Scholar 

  123. E. Kikuchi, T. Matsuda, H. Fujiki and Y. Morita, Appl. Catal. 11 (1984) 331.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. E. Kikuchi, T. Matsuda, H. Fujiki and Y. Morita, Appl. Catal. 16 (1985) 401.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. E. Kikuchi, H. Seki and T. Matsuda, in: Preparation of Catalysts V-Scientific Bases for the Preparation of Heterogeneous Catalysts, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., Vol. 63, eds. G. Poncelet, P.A. Jacobs, P. Grange and B. Delmon (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1991) p. 311.

    Google Scholar 

  126. M. Kojima, R. Hartford and C.T. O'Connor, J. Catal. 128 (1991) 487.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. T. Matsuda, T. Fuse and E. Kikuchi, J. Catal. 106 (1987) 38.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. T. Matsuda, H. Seki and E. Kikuchi, J.Catal. 154 (1995) 41.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. T. Matsuda, M. Asanuma and E. Kikuchi, Appl. Catal. 38 (1988) 289.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. A.N. Ko and H.C. Chang, J. Chin. Chem. Soc. 39 (1992) 81.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. D.Y. Zhao, Y.S. Yang, X.X. Guo and H.R. Cheng, Shiyou Xuebao, Shiyou Huagong 9 (1993) 33.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. D.Y. Zhao, Y.S. Yang and X.X. Guo, Shiyou Huagong 22 (1993) 719.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. D.Y. Zhao, Y.S. Yang and X.X. Guo, Zeolites 15 (1995) 58.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. T.S. Jiang, T. Sun, J.P. Shen, D.Z. Jiang and E.Z. Min, Gaodeng Xuexiao Huaxue Xuebao 15 (1995) 93.

    Google Scholar 

  135. H. Auer and H. Hofmann, Appl. Catal. 97 (1993) 23.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. J.P. Shen, T.S. Jiang, J. Ma, D.Z. Jiang and E.Z. Min, Gaodeng Xuexiao Huaxue Xuebao 14 (1993) 1135.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. M.P. Atkins, Eur. Patent 130,055 (1985).

  138. R. Russu, A. Russu, O. Cira and V. Albu, Prog. Catal. 4 (1995) 31.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. K. Urabe, N. Kouno, H. Sakurai and Y. Izumi, Adv. Mater. 3 (1991) 558.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. A.K. Ladavos and P. Pomonis, in: Preparation of Catalysts V-Scientific Bases for the Preparation of Heterogeneous Catalysts, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., Vol. 63, eds. G. Poncelet, P.A. Jacobs, P. Grange and B. Delmon (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1991)p. 319.

    Google Scholar 

  141. G. Guiu and P. Grange, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. (1994) 1729.

  142. W. Jones, Catal. Today 2 (1988) 357.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. K. Lourvanij and G.L. Rorrer, Appl.Catal. 109 (1994) 147.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. R.L. Irvine, W.O. Patent 93/22264 (1993).

  145. M. Lenarda, R. Ganzerla, L. Storaro, S. Enzo and R.J. Zanoni, J.Mol. Catal. 92 (1994) 201.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. R. Gregory and D.J. Westlake, Eur. Patent 83,970.

  147. M.P. Atkins and I.M. Wren, Eur. Patent 249,352 (1987).

  148. M.P. Atkins, Brit. Patent 2,151,603 (1984).

  149. R. Ishikawa, T. Hayashi and K. Abe, Jpn. Kok. 5,148,246 (1993).

  150. M.P. Atkins, in: Pillared Layered Structures, ed. I.V. Mitchell (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1990) p. 159.

    Google Scholar 

  151. S.D. Landau and J.A. Hinnenkamp, US Patent 4,963,518 (1990).

  152. S.G. Kukes, R.L. Banks and J.R. Harris, US Patent 4,879,425 (1989).

  153. J.F. Brody, J.W. Johnson, G.B. McVicker and J.J. Ziemiack, Solid State Ionics 32/33 (1989) 350.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  154. M. Katoh, H. Fujisawa and T. Yamaguchi, in: Acid-Base Catalysis, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., Vol. 90, eds. H. Hattori, M. Misono and Y. Ono (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1994) p. 263.

    Google Scholar 

  155. J. Krajovic, P. Hudec and F. Grejtak, React. Kinet. Catal. Lett. 54 (1995) 87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  156. S. Bodoardo, R. Chiappetta, F. Fajula and E. Garrone, Micropor.Mater. 3 (1995) 613.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. S.A. Zubkov, L.M. Kustov, V.B. Kazansky, G. Fetter, D. Tichit and F. Figueras, Clays Clay Miner. 42 (1994) 421.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. M. Constantini and J.M. Popa, Eur. Patent 299,893 (1989).

  159. R. Burch and C.I. Warburton, J.Catal. 97 (1986) 511.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. E. Kikuchi, R. Hamana, M. Nakano, M. Takehara and Y. Morita, Jpn. Petrol. Inst. 26 (1983) 116.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. A.D. Stefanis, G. Perez, O. Ursini and A.A.G. Tomlinson, Appl.Catal. (1996), in press.

Download references

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Lambert, JF., Poncelet, G. Acidity in pillared clays: origin and catalytic manifestations. Topics in Catalysis 4, 43–56 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1019175803068

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1019175803068

Keywords

Navigation