Deformable Catalytic Material Derived from Mechanical Flexibility for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

Wang, Fengshun; **e, Lingbin; Sun, Ning; Zhi, Ting; Zhang, Mengyang; Liu, Yang; Luo, Zhongzhong; Yi, Lanhua; Zhao, Qiang; Wang, Longlu

doi:10.1007/s40820-023-01251-x

Deformable Catalytic Material Derived from Mechanical Flexibility for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

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Published: 24 November 2023

Volume 16, article number 32, (2024)
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Deformable Catalytic Material Derived from Mechanical Flexibility for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

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Fengshun Wang¹,
Lingbin **e¹,
Ning Sun¹,
Ting Zhi¹,
Mengyang Zhang¹,
Yang Liu¹,
Zhongzhong Luo¹,
Lanhua Yi²,
Qiang Zhao^1,3 &
…
Longlu Wang¹

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Highlights

The main effects of deformation of flexible catalytic materials on the catalytic hydrogen evolution reaction performance are discussed, and a series of novel strategies to design highly active catalysts based on the mechanical flexibility of low-dimensional nanomaterials are summarized in detail.
This review provides a strategic choice for the rational design of low-cost and high-performance industrialized electrocatalysts.

Abstract

Deformable catalytic material with excellent flexible structure is a new type of catalyst that has been applied in various chemical reactions, especially electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). In recent years, deformable catalysts for HER have made great progress and would become a research hotspot. The catalytic activities of deformable catalysts could be adjustable by the strain engineering and surface reconfiguration. The surface curvature of flexible catalytic materials is closely related to the electrocatalytic HER properties. Here, firstly, we systematically summarized self-adaptive catalytic performance of deformable catalysts and various micro–nanostructures evolution in catalytic HER process. Secondly, a series of strategies to design highly active catalysts based on the mechanical flexibility of low-dimensional nanomaterials were summarized. Last but not least, we presented the challenges and prospects of the study of flexible and deformable micro–nanostructures of electrocatalysts, which would further deepen the understanding of catalytic mechanisms of deformable HER catalyst.

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1 Introduction

Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is the core component in water splitting devices and seriously limits energy efficiency due to sluggish reaction kinetics [1,2,3,43]. The difference in deformation is caused by the material's own morphology and the surrounding environment. In this section, we will discuss the law of low-dimensional catalyst deformation such as geometry-induced variable effects, expansion and oscillation of stacked three-dimensional nanosheet superstructure, flexible twisting of nanobelts and bending of nanotubes, as well as their effects on the catalytic activity in the real reaction process [44,45,49]. The deformation of ultrathin nanosheets could significantly enhance mass transport during the electrocatalytic process and then improve the catalytic activity [76] prepared MSLs by exploiting the capillary effect and triggering the natural curling of vertical heterojunctions (Fig. 5a). The MSLs were demonstrated in image of single hole in a high-angle annular dark field STEM (HAADF-STEM) image accessed in Fig. 5b. Yuan et al. [77] introduced tensile strain to flexible MoS₂ films to achieve the transition from planar MoS₂ films to twisted MoS₂ nanoscrolls with MSLs (Fig. 5c). HRTEM image of the MoS₂ nanoscroll in Fig. 5d presented a scroll-like morphology and confirmed the presence of MSLs. Based on the mechanical flexibility of multilayer MoS₂, Liu et al. [78] successfully prepared a multilayer MoS₂ MSLs structure with only one layer interface for twisted stacking by a simple paraffin-assisted folding process of non-twisted stacked multilayer MoS₂ (Fig. 5e). The TEM image in Fig. 5f proved that the method can be effectively prepared MSLs. Our research group [

Maximizing the catalytic activity of single-atom catalysts is the key for single-atom catalysts in industrial applications. Anchoring single atoms on the curved support exposes the active site significantly that the introduced tunable strain can effectively optimize the catalytic activity of single atoms and promote HER performance [94,95,96,114,115].

Liu et al. [116] prepared titanium carbide (Ti₃C₂)-supported MoS₂ nanotube arrays (MoS₂-NTA) with controlled wall thickness and diameter by atomic layer deposition (ALD) technique based on anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) template sacrifice strategy (Fig. 11a). The TEM image in Fig. 11b showed the formation of MoS₂-NTA on the substrate after NaOH etching of AAO. The HRTEM image of the single MoS₂ nanotube in Fig. 11c showed a stripe spacing of 0.62 nm for Pt/MoS₂NTA/Ti₃C₂ nanotubes, indicating that MoS₂ grows layer by layer from single-walled nanotubes to multiwalled nanotubes with abundant defects. The graphene frameworks with tubular array structures based on AAO templates were fabricated from Li et al. [117]. The MoS₂@C van der Waals supertubes were formed by restricting the epitaxial growth of several layers of bent MoS₂ within the tubular mesoporous graphene framework.

The tubular graphene framework exists in the form of 1D arrays, with individual tubes being open and having ordered mesoporosity. As shown in Fig. 11d, the SEM image demonstrated the MoS₂ layers within the mesopores on the nanotube. HAADF-STEM with aberration correction in Fig. 11e showed the bending nature of the MoS₂ layer at the atomic scale. Meanwhile, the MoS₂ layer tends to fracture near the corners of the mesopores (indicated by the arrows in Fig. 11e. In addition, a considerable number of structural defects, such as voids (indicated by the dashed outline in Fig. 11e. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of the MoS₂@C supertube showed the characteristic peaks of 2H-MoS₂, confirming the ultra-thin thickness of the MoS₂ layer (Fig. 11f). The LSV curves of the electrocatalytic performance in Fig. 11g, h indicated that the nanotube prepared by AAO template method has excellent HER properties [118,119,120]. Figure 11i shows the stability tests performed on the catalyst of this structure, confirming that the catalyst of this structure could maintain HER performance for 100 h at 10 mA cm⁻² without significant degradation. Therefore, the nanotubes prepared by the AAO template method can be used as a carrier for the preparation of various highly active HER catalysts effectively.

5 HER Catalytic Mechanisms of Deformable Catalytic Materials

Exploring the catalytic mechanism of deformable catalytic materials is very important for the further design of highly active catalysts. From the view of HER mechanism, we summarized how deformable catalytic materials affect HER catalytic performance. The deformation of the catalytic material would introduce strain and vacancy, which could reduce the energy barrier of the Volmer step and lead to a faster Volmer step. Specifically, the deformable catalyst could optimize ΔG_H^* under acidic conditions and reduce the energy barrier of water dissociation under alkaline conditions [121, 122]. In addition, the deformation of the catalyst optimizes electronic structure and improves electron transport efficiency, thus speeding up the Heyrovsky and Tafel steps.

The discrete Fourier transform (DFT) could be used to further investigation of the relationship between the structure and performance of deformed catalysts. Yuan et al. [72] confirmed that the interlayer-confined nanoscrolls exhibited more favorable adsorption strengths and higher catalytic activity for acid water splitting in the constrained metal active center with the help of DFT (Fig. 12a). Projected state density (PDOS) indicated that the center of the d band of the interlayer confined NiFe@MoS₂ nanoscroll catalyst was closer to the Fermi level (Fig. 12b), showing more favorable H₂O adsorption, dissociation, and enhanced electron transport capacity. Fan et al. [85] calculated the ∆G_H^* values of Mo sites with different coordination numbers constructed by introducing S vacancies under biaxial strain (Fig. 12c). Finally, it was confirmed that moderate biaxial strain and S vacancies enhanced the interaction between H intermediates and adsorption sites, accelerating the desorption of H from S vacancy MoS₂ and improving the catalytic activity. Shen et al. [87] verified the contribution of tensile strain to catalyst activity through DFT calculations (Fig. 12d). By introducing tensile strain, ∆G_H^* at S and W sites on W@WS₂ CSNS were significantly decreased, and the catalytic activity was improved. Based on DFT calculation, Tan et al. [101] confirmed that tensile strain could reduce the Volmer-order energy barrier of single-atom Ru site, resulting in rapid Volmer-order change (Fig. 12e). Meanwhile, the application of strain could decrease ∆G_H^* for Ru and S sites to improve the ability of the H–H coupling.

Liu et al. [116] calculated the ∆G_H^* values for MoS₂ with planar structure (MoS₂-slab) and nanotube structure (MoS₂-NT) (Fig. 12f, g). The S-sub and Mo-sub of MoS₂-NT had lower ∆G_H^* values than that of MoS₂-slab, which confirmed that the high curvature of the surface of the nanotubes enhances the H adsorption strength at the active site and improves the catalytic activity. Li et al. [117] confirmed by DFT calculation that the strain of MoS₂ layer curvature and S-vacancy can reduce ∆G_H^* to increase HER catalytic activity (Fig. 12h). The DFT calculation is a bridge linking the structure–activity relationship between deformation and catalytic activity of catalytic materials. Advanced in situ characterization could be used to further investigate the mechanism in the future.

6 Conclusion and Outlook

Flexible micro–nanostructures are undoubtedly evolving from monotonic to diversified. In order to fully understand the relationship between deformation and catalytic performance, it is necessary to have new insights into the influence of flexible structure on the reactivity, electronic structure and reaction kinetics of catalytic reactions. This review summarizes the deformation of flexible materials in the catalytic process and the design of excellent catalysts based on the mechanical flexibility of low-dimensional nanomaterials. We believe that the influences of deformation on flexible catalysts mainly have the following aspects: (1) The low-dimensional nanomaterials with nanoscale curved geometries incur the change of electronic structure of catalyst, which could accelerate the electron transfer in the electrocatalytic process. (2) The mechanical deformation would trigger new favorable structures such as vacancies or phase transitions to improve catalytic activity. (3) The unique mechanical properties of flexible materials are beneficial for the higher mass transfer efficiency and the faster reaction kinetics.

The application of deformable catalysts has attracted extensive attention. It has been reported that the HER activity of thin film palladium electrocatalysts can be improved by applying tensile strain to flexible working electrodes. In addition to its application in the HER, deformable catalytic materials have potential uses in various other chemical reactions and energy conversion systems. Qiao et al. [123] reported three-dimensional nanosheet superstructure (NF-MOF_{5 h}) by stacking metal organic framework (MOF) nanosheets on the surface of nickel foam (NF). The stacked three-dimensional nanosheets superstructure accelerated reaction kinetics and electron transport efficiency thus optimizing OER performance. Yang et al. [124] prepared a helical carbon structure with abundant high-curvature surface which was realized by carbonization of helical polypyrrole that was templated from self-assembled chiral surfactants for improving the electrocatalytic activity of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Chen et al. [125] achieved efficient NRR catalysis by anchoring single-atom Au onto a bicontinent nanopore MoSe₂ (np-MoSe₂). It is worth noting that in addition to transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) other low-dimensional materials, such as carbon-based materials, MXene and metallenes are also deformable materials [126,127,128]. Therefore, further research on the deformation catalyst is still necessary. Great progress has been made in the design of deformation catalysts with artificial intelligence (AI) assistance. By establishing the model and algorithm, the deformation behavior of the material can be simulated and the morphology structure can be optimized. This can help design highly active catalysts with expected deformation and mechanical properties. Therefore, the combination of machine learning and computational chemistry methods can effectively accelerate the development process of catalysts [129, 130]. In fact, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations play a key role in the study of the structural morphology of catalysts, which can simulate the morphology structure, mechanical properties and calculate the electronic structure of materials at the nanoscale. Compared with the experimental approach, MD can not only effectively reduce the cost of research, but also provide richer information about materials. In addition, the study of catalytic mechanisms in the HER process is essential for the rational design of catalysts and efficient adaptive electrocatalytic processes. This requires advanced in situ characterization of catalysts with unique deformed structures. For example, based on the use of in situ Raman spectroscopy, in situ XRD, in situ FT-IR and in situ HRTEM, we can gain a clearer understanding of the catalyst structure evolution, electron transfer process and the adsorption/desorption process to uncover the real active center.

In conclusion, although deformable catalytic materials have been widely studied and applied, several challenges still remain. Researchers from different fields are trying to solve these challenges through communication and collaboration. We believe that deformable catalytic material with excellent flexible structure would give a strong impetus to the development of novel catalysts. It provides a strategic choice for the rational design of low-cost and high-performance industrialized electrocatalysts.

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This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51902101 and 21875203), the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province (Nos. 2021JJ40044 and 2023JJ50287), Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (No. BK20201381).

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College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nan**g University of Posts & Telecommunications (NJUPT), 9 Wenyuan, Nan**g, 210023, People’s Republic of China
Fengshun Wang, Lingbin **e, Ning Sun, Ting Zhi, Mengyang Zhang, Yang Liu, Zhongzhong Luo, Qiang Zhao & Longlu Wang
Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, **angtan University, **angtan, 411105, People’s Republic of China
Lanhua Yi
State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) & Institute of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nan**g University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan, Nan**g, 210023, People’s Republic of China
Qiang Zhao

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Wang, F., **e, L., Sun, N. et al. Deformable Catalytic Material Derived from Mechanical Flexibility for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction. Nano-Micro Lett. 16, 32 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01251-x

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Received: 30 June 2023
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01251-x

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Deformable Catalytic Material Derived from Mechanical Flexibility for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

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WS2 moiré superlattices derived from mechanical flexibility for hydrogen evolution reaction

Opportunities and challenges of strain engineering for advanced electrocatalyst design

A 3D porous WP2 nanosheets@carbon cloth flexible electrode for efficient electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution

1 Introduction

5 HER Catalytic Mechanisms of Deformable Catalytic Materials

6 Conclusion and Outlook

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Deformable Catalytic Material Derived from Mechanical Flexibility for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

Highlights

Abstract

Similar content being viewed by others

WS2 moiré superlattices derived from mechanical flexibility for hydrogen evolution reaction

Opportunities and challenges of strain engineering for advanced electrocatalyst design

A 3D porous WP2 nanosheets@carbon cloth flexible electrode for efficient electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution

1 Introduction

5 HER Catalytic Mechanisms of Deformable Catalytic Materials

6 Conclusion and Outlook

References

Acknowledgements

Funding

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