Abstract
In the consumer’s cultural landscape everything is gendered, including publishers. Some publishers lean into the gendered elements of their brand personality and make active choices to design their brand, and the books they publish, to engage with gendering elements of design, fonts, colours, and text. The consumer can utilise publishers as landmarks to understand which spaces are safe for them to perform their chosen self- and projected-identities, and form relationships based on these considerations. Ultimately, the consumer enacts a gendered performance of self in their cultural landscape and in doing so, they can choose to interact with publishers that embody different gendered elements within a complex discourse of consumerism, societal norms and expectations, and perceptions.
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12109-023-09953-1/MediaObjects/12109_2023_9953_Fig1_HTML.png)
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
Fricatives are the f, s, v, and z sounds – whereas voiceless fricatives are f and s. Voiceless stops are p, t, and k [49], pp. 10–11).
From a Western standpoint. For more information on cultural stereoty** of colours see [51].
The gender of a brand is one of several aspects of the wider brand personality, but it is the one that is most pertinent to understanding how gender identity works in the consumer’s cultural landscape. For more information on the dimensions of brand personality see [38, 54, 55], and for how these brand personality dimensions exist in other cultures see [56,57,58].
Searched 22 December 2022.
Brand pride is linked to the repeated use of ‘me’ in relation to the brand along with a feeling of personal connection with the brand and self-congruence (both inward and outward)—these elements, among others, develop into the concept of brand pride [72].
Brand sacredness is related to a “transcendent consumer experience, defense of a brand, incorporation brand in extended-self, brand ritualism and brand evangelism” (2018, p. 733).
For an overview of the literature in the area of identity principles see [109] chart which lists out the relevant research into the five key identity principles of salience, association, relevance, verification, and conflict.
References
Kacen J. Girrrl power and boyyy nature: the past, present and paradisal future of consumer gender identity. Mark Intell Plan. 2000;18:345–55. https://doi.org/10.1108/02634500010348932.
Dennis C, Brakus JJ, Ferrer GG, McIntyre C, Alamanos E, King T. A cross-national study of evolutionary origins of gender shop** styles: she gatherer, he hunter? J Int Mark. 2018;26(4):38–53.
Dholakia RR. Going shop**: key determinants of shop** behaviors and motivations. Int J Retail Distrib Manag. 1999;27:154–65.
Brosdahl DJ, Carpenter JM. Shop** Orientations of us males: a generational cohort comparison. J Retail Consum Serv. 2011;18(6):548–54.
Kotzé T, North E, Stols M, Venter L. Gender differences in sources of shop** enjoyment. Int J Consum Stud. 2012;36(4):416–24.
Ellis L, Abild M, Buker H, Park JR, He P. Gendered shop**: a seven country comparison. Mankind Quart. 2012;52:336–57.
Passyn KA, Diriker M, Settle RB. Images of online versus store shop**: have the attitudes of men and women young and old really changed. J BusEcon Res. 2011. https://doi.org/10.19030/jber.v9i1.946.
Pradhana, F., & Sastiono, P. (2019) March. Gender Differences in Online Shop**: Are Men More Shopaholic Online?. In 12th International Conference on Business and Management Research (ICBMR 2018) (pp. 123–128). Atlantis Press.
Garbarino E, Strahilevitz M. Gender differences in the perceived risk of buying online and the effects of receiving a site recommendation. J Bus Res. 2004;57(7):768–75.
Atulkar S, Kesari B. Role of consumer traits and situational factors on impulse buying: does gender matter? Int J Retail Distrib Manag. 2018;46:386–405.
Coley A, Burgess B. Gender differences in cognitive and affective impulse buying. J Fash Mark Manag. 2003;7(3):282–95. https://doi.org/10.1108/13612020310484834.
Ozdemir E, Akcay G. The effect of gender identity on consumers’ impulse buying behavior and the moderating role of biological sex. Bus Econ Res J. 2019;10(5):1109–25.
Karpinska-Krakowiak M. Women are more likely to buy unknown brands than men: the effects of gender and known versus unknown brands on purchase intentions. J Retail Consum Serv. 2021;58:102273.
Pinna M. Do gender identities of femininity and masculinity affect the intention to buy ethical products? Psychol Mark. 2020;37(3):384–97.
BookData N. The UK Book Market in Review. Nielsen; 2022.
Watson, A. (2022). “Book Readers in the U.S. 2019–2021, by age group”. Statista. Available at: https://www-statista-com.oxfordbrookes.idm.oclc.org/statistics/249787/book-reading-population-in-the-us-by-age/. Accessed 20 April 2023.
Watson, A. (2022). “Reasons for buying books U.S. 2020”. Statista. Available at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/1275648/us-book-purchasing/. Accessed 20 April 2023.
Kemp-Habib, A. (2023). “TikTok’s influence on direct books ales ‘relatively small’ but growing rapidly, says Nielsen’. The Bookseller. Available at: https://www.thebookseller.com/news/tiktoks-influence-on-direct-book-sales-relatively-small-but-growing-rapidly-says-nielsen. Accessed 20 April 2023.
Koh J. The history of the concept of gender identity disorder. Seishin Shinkeigaku Zasshi = Psychiatria et Neurologia Japonica. 2012;114(6):673–80.
Moi T. What is a Woman? And Other Essays. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1999.
Schiappa E. The transgender exigency: defining sex and gender in the 21st century. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge; 2022.
Office of National Statistics. (2019) Introduction. In What is the difference between sex and gender: Exploring the difference between sex and gender, looking at concepts that are important to the Sustainable Development Goals. Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/environmentalaccounts/articles/whatisthedifferencebetweensexandgender/2019-02-21, Accessed 17 Nov 2022.
Morgenroth T, Ryan MK. The effects of gender trouble: an integrative theoretical framework of the perpetuation and disruption of the gender/sex binary. Perspect Psychol Sci. 2021;16(6):1113–42.
Aboim S. Gender in a box? the paradoxes of recognition beyond the gender binary. Politics Gov. 2020;8(3):231–41.
Elias N, Colvin R. A Third option: understanding and assessing non-binary gender policies in the United States. Adm Theory Praxis. 2020;42(2):191–211.
Herdt G, editor. Third Sex. Third Gender: Beyond Sexual Dimorphism in Culture and History. Princeton University Press; 2020.
Tacikowski P, Fust J, Ehrsson HH. Fluidity of gender identity induced by illusory body-sex change. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):1–14.
Butler J. Gender trouble: feminism and the subversion of identity. New York & London: Routledge; 2008.
Harrison W, Hood-Williams J. Beyond Sex and Gender. London: SAGE Publications; 2002.
Alreck PL, Settle RB, Belch MA. Who responds to ‘gendered’ ads, and how? masculine brands versus feminine brands. J Advert Res. 1982;22:25–32.
Neale L, Robbie R, Martin B. Gender identity and brand incongruence: when in doubt, pursue masculinity. J Strateg Mark. 2016;24(5):347–59.
Spielmann N, Dobscha S, Lowrey TM. Real men don’t buy “mrs clean” gender bias in gendered brands. J Assoc Consumer Res. 2021;6(2):211–22.
Martin AE, Slepian ML. Dehumanizing gender: The debiasing effects of gendering human-abstracted entities. Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 2018;44(12):1681–96.
Bem SL. The gender lenses: transforming the debate on sexual inequality. Yale University Press; 1993.
Gaunt R. Biological essentialism, gender ideologies, and role attitudes: What determines parents’ involvement in child care. Sex Roles. 2006;55:523–33.
Bem SL. Gender schema theory: a cognitive account of sex ty**. Psychol Rev. 1981;88(4):354.
Gaucher D, Friesen J, Kay AC. Evidence that gendered wording in job advertisements exists and sustains gender inequality. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2011;101(1):109.
Aaker JL. Dimensions of brand personality. J Mark Res. 1997;34(3):347–56.
César Machado J, Fonseca B, Martins C. Brand logo and brand gender: examining the effects of natural logo designs and color on brand gender perceptions and affect. J Brand Manag. 2021;28(2):152–70.
Simonson A, Schmitt BH. Marketing aesthetics: The strategic management of brands, identity, and image. New York: Simon and Schuster; 1997.
Lieven T, Grohmann B, Herrmann A, Landwehr JR, Van Tilburg M. The Effect of brand design on brand gender perceptions and brand Preference. Eur J Mark. 2014;49:146–69.
Meiting L, Hua W. Angular or rounded? The effect of the shape of green brand logos on consumer perception. J Clean Prod. 2021;279:123801.
Slepian ML, Weisbuch M, Rule NO, Ambady N. Tough and tender: embodied categorization of gender. Psychol Sci. 2011;22(1):26–8.
Henderson PW, Giese JL, Cote JA. Impression management using typeface design. J Mark. 2004;68:60–83.
Tantillo J, Di Lorenzo-Aiss J, Mathisen RE. Quantifying perceived differences in type styles: an exploratory study. Psychol Mark. 1995;12:447–57.
Wendt D. Semantic differentials of typefaces as a method in congeniality research. J Typograph Res. 1968;2:3–25.
Zaichkowsky JL. Strategies for distinctive brands. J Brand Manag. 2010;17(8):548–60.
Grohmann B. Communicating brand gender through type fonts. J Mark Commun. 2016;22(4):403–18.
Klink RR. Creating brand names with meaning: the use of sound symbolism. Mark Lett. 2000;11(1):5–20.
Singh S. Impact of color on marketing. Manag Decision. 2006. https://doi.org/10.1108/00251740610673332.
Cunningham SJ, Macrae CN. The colour of gender stereoty**. Br J Psychol. 2011;102(3):598–614.
Hess A, Melnyk V. Pink or Blue? the impact of gender cues on brand perceptions. Eur J Mark. 2016;50(9/10):1550–74.
Koller V. Not just a colour’: pink as a gender and sexuality marker in visual communication. Vis Commun. 2008;7(4):395–423.
Eisend M, Stokburger-Sauer NE. Measurement characteristics of Aaker’s Brand personality dimensions: lessons to be learned from human personality research. Psychol Mark. 2013;30(11):950–8.
Geuens M, Weijters B, De Wulf K. A new measure of brand personality. Int J Res Mark. 2009;26(2):97–107.
Chu SC, Sung Y. Brand personality dimensions in China. J Mark Commun. 2011;17(3):163–81.
Mohtar M, Rudd JM, Evanschitzky H. Clarifying the Brand Personality Construct in Malaysia. J Consumer Mark. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCM-03-2018-26.
Muniz KM, Marchetti RZ. Brand personality dimensions in the Brazilian context. BAR-Braz Admin Rev. 2012;9:168–88.
Bairrada CM, Coelho A, Lizanets V. The Impact of brand personality on consumer behavior: the role of brand love. J Fash Mark Manag: Int J. 2018;23:30–47.
Batra R, Ahuvia A, Bagozzi RP. Brand Love. J Mark. 2012;76(2):1–16.
Huang TL. Psychological mechanisms of brand love and information technology identity in virtual retail environments. J Retail Consum Serv. 2019;47:251–64.
Palusuk N, Koles B, Hasan R. ‘All you need is brand love’: a critical review and comprehensive conceptual framework for brand love. J Mark Manag. 2019;35(1–2):97–129.
Hemsley-Brown J. Antecedents and consequences of brand attachment: a literature review and research agenda. Int J Consumer Stud. 2022;47:611–28.
Japutra A, Ekinci Y, Simkin L. Exploring brand attachment, its determinants and outcomes. J Strateg Mark. 2014;22(7):616–30.
Park CW, MacInnis DJ, Priester J. Brand attachment: constructs consequences and causes. Found Trends® Mark. 2008;1(3):191–230.
Aaker DA, Biel AL. Brand equity and advertising: an overview. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1993.
Levin A. Influencer Marketing for Brands. New York: Apress; 2020.
Leone RP, Rao VR, Keller KL, Luo AM, McAlister L, Srivastava R. Linking brand equity to customer equity. J Serv Res. 2006;9(2):125–38.
Musicco, J. (2021) June. To Affinity and Beyond. In Proceedings of the Conference on Historical Analysis and Research in Marketing (Vol. 20, pp. 49–51).
Lorber J. Paradoxes of Gender. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press; 1994.
Avery J. Defending the Markers of masculinity: consumer resistance to brand gender-bending. Int J Res Mark. 2012;29(4):322–36.
Nandy S, Sondhi N. Brand pride in consumer–brand relationships: towards a conceptual framework. Glob Bus Rev. 2022;23(5):1098–117.
Wang CL, Sarkar JG, Sarkar A. Hallowed be thy brand: measuring perceived brand sacredness. Eur J Mark. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJM-08-2017-05.
Frieden LR. The Role of Consumer Gender Identity and Brand Concept Consistency in Evaluating Cross-Gender Brand Extensions. Florida: University of South Florida; 2013.
Reghunathan A, Joseph J. Men will be men, women will be women: The case of cross-gender brand extensions. Adv Consum Res. 2017;45:465–8.
Veg N, Nyeck S. Brand gender and cross-gender extensions. Casablanca: Doctoral diss Essec Business School; 2007.
Yuen TW, Nieroda M, He H, Park Y. Can being similar in product category a liability for cross-gender brand extension? In Proc Eur Mark Acad. 2019;48:8432.
Veg-Sala N, Roux E. Cross-gender extension potential of luxury brands: a semiotic analysis. J Brand Manag. 2018;25(5):436–48.
Jung, K. 2006. "Cross-Gender Brand Extensions: Effects of Gender of Brand, Gender of Consumer and Product Type on Evaluation of Cross-Gender Extensions." ACR North American Advances.
Ulrich I. The effect of consumer multifactorial gender and biological sex on the evaluation of cross-gender brand extensions. Psychol Mark. 2013;30(9):794–810.
Ulrich I, Tissier-Desbordes E. “A feminine brand? Never!” Brands as gender threats for “resistant” masculinities. UK: Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal; 2018.
De Alwis, A.C., and Ramanathan, H.N. 2019. Impact of Sex Roles on Brand Gender Contamination of Purchase of Decision-Making: Case in Sri Lanka.
Harrington, B. 2018. "The Bad Behaviours of the Richest: What I Learned from Wealth Managers." The Guardian, 19 October 2018. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/oct/19/billionaires-wealth-richest-income-inequality, Accessed 23 Dec 2022.
Tuite A. Jenny Kee and Flamingo Park: Independent fashion retailers as creative practitioners. Fash Style Pop Cult. 2018;5(2):169–183.
D’Antonio V. From Tupperware to Scentsy: The gendered culture of women and direct sales. Sociol Compass. 2019;13(5):e12692.
Workman H. Formation of safe spaces in gendered online communities Reddit and ’the front page of the internet. Texas: Doctoral disstation Texas Christian University; 2014.
Bode L. Closing the gap: gender parity in political engagement on social media. Inf Commun Soc. 2017;20:587–603. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2016.1202302.
Dixon S. 2023. Distribution of Twitter Users Worldwide as of January, 2022, by Gender. Available at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/828092/distribution-of-users-on-twitter-worldwide-gender/, Accessed 27 Feb 2023.
Koc-Michalska K, Schiffrin A, Lopez A, Boulianne S, Bimber B. From online political posting to mansplaining: the gender gap and social media in political discussion. Soc Sci Comput Rev. 2021;39(2):197–210.
Ouwersloot H, Odekerken-Schröder G. Who’s who in brand communities–and why? Eur J Mark. 2008. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090560810862516.
Mullany L. ‘Become the man that women desire’: gender identities and dominant discourses in email advertising language. Lang Lit. 2004;13(4):291–305.
Bardhi F, Rohm AJ, Sultan F. Tuning in and tuning out: media multitasking among young consumers. J Consum Behav. 2010;9(4):316–32.
Chinchanachokchai S, Duff BR, Sar S. The Effect of multitasking on time perception, enjoyment, and ad evaluation. Comput Hum Behav. 2015;45:185–91.
Puustinen, L. (2005) November. THE AGE OF CONSUMER-AUDIENCE Conceptualising reception in media studies, marketing, and media organisations. In European Communication Conference. Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Loxley J. Performativity. New York: Routledge; 2007.
Pilgrim AN. Performance and the performative. Body Soc. 2001;7(4):87–96.
Jackson AY. Performativity identified. Qual Inq. 2004;10(5):673–90.
Butler J. Performative Acts and gender constitution: an essay in phenomenology and feminist theory. Theatr J. 1988;40(4):519–31.
Balme CB. The Cambridge Introduction to Theatre Studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2008.
Bottoms SJ. The efficacy/effeminacy braid: unpacking the performance studies/theatre studies dichotomy. Theatr Top. 2003;13(2):173–87.
Leach R. Theatre Studies: The Basics. Abingdon: Routledge; 2013.
Solga K. Theory for Theatre Studies: Space. London: Bloomsbury Publishing; 2019.
Feinberg JG. Understanding anti-performance: the performative division of experience and the standpoint of the non-performer. Perform Philos. 2020;5(2):332–48.
Goffman E. The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. Woodstock, NY: The Overlook Press; 1973.
Klein O, Spears R, Reicher S. Social Identity performance: extending the strategic side of SIDE. Pers Soc Psychol Rev. 2007;11(1):28–45.
Moore C, Barbour K, Marshall PD. Persona Studies: An Introduction. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 2019.
Mulder S, Yaar Z. The User is Always Right: A Practical Guide to Creating and Using Personas for the Web. Indianapolis: New Riders; 2006.
Wheeler SC, Bechler CJ. Objects and self-identity. Curr Opin Psychol. 2022;39:6–11.
Reed A II, Forehand MR, Puntoni S, Warlop L. Identity-based consumer behavior. Int J Res Mark. 2012;29(4):310–21.
Silver I. Role transitions, objects, and identity. Symb Interact. 1996;19(1):1–20.
Boyd, D., and Heer, J. 2006. "Profiles as Conversation: Networked Identity Performance on Friendster." In Proceedings of the 39th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS'06), Vol. 3, 59c-59c. IEEE.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Johnson, M.J. Navigating the Cultural Landscape Through Publishing Brands: A Theoretical, Gendered Perspective. Pub Res Q 39, 162–177 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12109-023-09953-1
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12109-023-09953-1