Abstract
Recently, nano feed supplement research has great attention to improving healthy aquatic production and improving the aquatic environment. With the aims of the present study, chemical and green synthesized nanoparticles are characterized by various instrumentation analyses, namely UV-Vis spectrophotometry (UV-Vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscope (SEM). After characterization analysis of these nanoparticles utilized in aquatic animals, the composition ratio is as follows: controls (without ZnO-NPs (0 mg/L)), T1 (0.9 mg/L ZnO-NPs), T2 (1.9 mg/L ZnO-NPs), T3 (0.9 mg/L GZnO-NPs), T4 (1.9 mg/L GZnO-NPs). SEM investigation report demonstrates that the structure of the surface of green synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (GZnO-NPs) was conical shape and the size ranging was from 60 to 70 nm. Concerning hematological parameters, the quantity of hemoglobin increased in different doses of green zinc nanoparticles, but the values of MCV and MCH decreased somewhat. However, this decrease was the highest in the T2 group. Total protein and albumin decreased in T2 and triglyceride, cholesterol, glucose, cortisol, creatinine, and urea increased, while in T3 and T4 groups, changes in biochemical parameters were evaluated as positive. Mucosal and serum immunological parameters in the T2 group showed a significant decrease compared to other groups. In zinc nanoparticles, with increasing dose, oxidative damage is aggravated, so in the T2 group, a decrease in antioxidant enzymes and an increase in MDA were seen compared to other groups. In this regard, the concentration of liver enzymes AST and ALT increased in the T2 group compared with control and other groups. This can confirm liver damage in this dose compared with control and other groups. This research work suggests that green synthesized form of zinc nanoparticles in higher doses have less toxic effects in comparison to the chemical form of zinc nanoparticles and can act as suitable nutrient supplements in aquatic animals.
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Data Availability
The data that support the findings of this study are available upon reasonable request to the corresponding authors.
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This research work was partially supported by Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand. Also, this work was partially supported by Fisheries College, Jimei University, China.
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HG and SV did the supervision, resources, writing—original draft of the paper. SHH, MR, MFR, HVD, and YZS performed writing—review and editing the paper. HG did the process of investigation and conceptualization. SHH and HVD had close supervision on the process of preparing paper, too. SHH and HVD did the project administration. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
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Ghafarifarsani, H., Hoseinifar, S.H., Raeeszadeh, M. et al. Comparative Effect of Chemical and Green Zinc Nanoparticles on the Growth, Hematology, Serum Biochemical, Antioxidant Parameters, and Immunity in Serum and Mucus of Goldfish, Carassius auratus (Linnaeus, 1758). Biol Trace Elem Res 202, 1264–1278 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-023-03753-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-023-03753-6