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Effect of interaction between Pd and Fe in modified red mud on catalytic decomposition of toluene

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Abstract

As an industrial solid waste produced by alumina industry, red mud was modified as support of Pd catalysts for toluene catalytic oxidation in this paper. The xPd/MRM catalysts had high activity for toluene catalytic oxidation, and the 0.3Pd/MRM catalyst showed the best catalytic performance (T50 = 175 °C and T100 = 200 °C). The results indicated that the prepared 0.3Pd/MRM catalyst had more ratio of surface-adsorbed oxygen and Fe3+, rather than MRM and RM, which benefitted to the toluene oxidation. The excessive Pd species and the growth of the PdO nanoparticles negatively affected the catalytic efficiency of toluene. 0.4Pd/MRM activity decreased because of PdO aggregation in the catalyst, which could be confirmed by TEM analysis. The results of XPS, H2-TPR, FT-IR, O2-TPD, and Raman examination revealed that the formation of Pd-O-Fe under the interaction between Fe in MRM and Pd (Pd2+ + Fe 2+ → Pd0 + Fe3+) increased the electron transfer and raised the mobility of surface-adsorbed oxygen. Furthermore, in situ DRIFTS and GC-MS were used to detect intermediate products of catalytic reactions, and the reaction mechanism of catalysts was also studied. The catalytic oxidation of toluene on 0.3Pd/MRM catalyst might have two reaction paths simultaneously. The first reaction path would be toluene → species benzyl → benzaldehyde → benzoic acid → long-chain aldehydes or carboxylic acids → CO2 and H2O. The second reaction path would be toluene → benzene → phenol → long-chain aldehydes or carboxylic acids → CO2 and H2O.

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Funding

Financial support for this project was provided by the State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Odor Pollution Control (20210504).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory of Bei**g on Regional Air Pollution Control, Bei**g University of Technology, Bei**g, 100124, China

    Hong** Fang, Wenjun Liang, Chen Ma, Qianyu Tao & Jia Liu

  2. Guizhou Institute of Technology, Guiyang, 550003, China

    Hong** Fang

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  1. Hong** Fang
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  2. Wenjun Liang
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  3. Chen Ma
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  4. Qianyu Tao
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  5. Jia Liu
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Hong** Fang: experiments, data analysis, and writing-original draft. Wenjun Liang: resources, writing-review and editing. Chen Ma and Qianyu Tao: investigation. Jia Liu: editing.

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Correspondence to Wenjun Liang.

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Fang, H., Liang, W., Ma, C. et al. Effect of interaction between Pd and Fe in modified red mud on catalytic decomposition of toluene. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 77535–77550 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-27757-w

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