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New consideration on the application of nano-zero-valent iron (nZVI) in groundwater remediation: refractions to existing technologies

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Abstract

Nano-zero-valent iron (nZVI, < 100 nm) has been used extensively in groundwater remediation over the past two decades. In this review, recent research (past 5–6 years) were discussed and evaluated. (1) nZVI could already be prepared by top-down and bottom-up methods. Liquid-phase reduction and carbothermal reduction still possessed a high proportion. Ball milling and green synthesis were more promising pathways. Carbothermal reduction was cost-effective compared to other paths. In-situ green synthesis was expected to in-situ synthesis nZVI, providing new ideas for groundwater remediation. (2) Composites and modification could improve the applicability and lower storage requirements of nZVI to a certain extent. Recyclability was effectively enhanced and costs indirectly reduced (5 cycles test). The suitability of habitats should be considered. Natural minerals and/or its component carriers finally acted as mineral cover layer. Carbon materials and biopolymer coatings eventually served as microbial nutrients. They were all potential directions. (3) In-situ groundwater remediation could maximize the value of nZVI. Mobility and stability of nZVI should be further optimized. So as to completely purified argillaceous soil and aquifer matrix. Geological properties, biological population, and hydrochemical aging all influenced groundwater remediation. Batch injection could avert rebound issue (usually two injections, spaced several months apart). DC electric field–assisted obviously reduced the cost (5 times). (4) nZVI removed pollutants in aqueous matrix (purified water, surface water, groundwater) through various ways and mechanisms. Hydrodynamic and hydrochemical conditions could not change the mainstream process. Long-term fixation of heavy metals, reasonable removal of inorganic salt ions, and effective mineralization of organic substances were the most expected results. The macro-to-micro study of mechanisms was more in-need. This review will offer fresh perspectives on the use of nZVI in groundwater remediation.

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Funding

This study was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (41472232).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Bei**g, 100083, People’s Republic of China

    Yan Xu, Bi Lepohi Guy Laurent Zanli & Jiawei Chen

  2. School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Bei**g, 100083, People’s Republic of China

    Yan Xu, Bi Lepohi Guy Laurent Zanli & Jiawei Chen

Authors
  1. Yan Xu
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  2. Bi Lepohi Guy Laurent Zanli
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  3. Jiawei Chen
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Contributions

Yan Xu: creating the idea, visualization, investigation, collecting review of literature, creating tables and figures, and writing the original draft. Bi Lepohi Guy Laurent Zanli: writing—review and editing. Jiawei Chen: resources, conceptualization, writing—review and editing, supervision, project administration, and funding acquisition.

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Correspondence to Jiawei Chen.

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Highlights

• Carbothermal reduction was the most cost-effective way and green synthesis was expected to in-situ nano-zero-valent iron synthesis.

• High adaptability and low habitat impact were preferred for modification and encapsulation technology.

• Modification and encapsulation technology gradually piloted and DC electric field–introduced effectively reduced costs.

• Chemical analysis was more microscopic and bioremediation research was more mature.

• Biochar encapsulated, surface vulcanizated, and carboxymethyl cellulose-modified nano-zero-valent iron were piloted in in-situ groundwater remediation technology.

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Xu, Y., Zanli, B.L.G.L. & Chen, J. New consideration on the application of nano-zero-valent iron (nZVI) in groundwater remediation: refractions to existing technologies. J Nanopart Res 26, 11 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-023-05919-8

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