Abstract
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a broad concept that encompasses a variety of technologies and applications. As a result, having a comprehensive understanding of the future developments and deployment of this concept in various lateral and vertical markets and following future trend projections is critical. In this way, future studies might focus on numerous issues in areas where the Internet of Things is most widely used. This study focuses on the smart home setting, one of the most prevalent and fastest-growing applications of the Internet of Things idea. This field's current and future growth tendencies have been proven in many categories and capabilities of IoT devices such as comfort and lighting, energy, security, monitoring, media, and household appliances. The number of devices in use, houses with at least one IoT device, total revenue, and market value are increasing. With the positive growth trend of the smart home, the concept of cybersecurity is becoming one of the most critical issues whose overview we included in this research. Research results indicate several cybersecurity challenges raised due to the fast-growing trend of smart home concept that needs to be addressed in the future to prevent users' privacy and usability of various end devices in such environment.
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Acknowledgements
This research is funded under the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action - DigForAsp (Digital forensics: evidence analysis via intelligent systems and practices) – CA17124.
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Conceptualization: IC, DP, MP, AJ, AS; Methodology: IC, DP; Formal analysis: IC, AJ, AS Investigation: IC, DP, MP; Supervision: IC, DP; Visualization: MP, AJ, AS; Writing – original draft: IC, DP, MP, AJ, AS; Writing – review & editing: DP, IC, AS;
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Appendix 1
Appendix 1
Tabular data for Fig. 1. Prediction of the total number of IoT devices by 2025 (globally) [27]
Year | Number of devices (billions) |
|---|---|
2015 | 15.41 |
2016 | 17.68 |
2017 | 20.35 |
2018 | 23.14 |
2019 | 26.66 |
2020 | 30.73 |
2021 | 35.82 |
2022 | 42.62 |
2023 | 51.11 |
2024 | 62.12 |
2025 | 75.44 |
Tabular data for Fig. 2. Number of connected devices by categories from 2016 to 2022 [28]
2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wide coverage IoT | 0.4 | 0.68 | 0.96 | 1.24 | 1.52 | 1.8 | 2.1 |
Narrow coverage IoT | 5.2 | 7 | 8.8 | 10.6 | 12.4 | 14.2 | 16 |
Conventional devices (PC / laptop / tablet) | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.65 | 1.68 | 1.69 | 1.7 | 1.7 |
Mobile phones | 7.3 | 7.4 | 7.8 | 8.2 | 8.4 | 8.5 | 8.6 |
Landlines | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.38 | 1.34 | 1.32 | 1.3 |
Total number of IoT devices | 17.68 | 20.35 | 23.14 | 26.66 | 30.73 | 35.82 | 42.62 |
Tabular data for Fig. 3. Number of implemented devices by application category [30]
2019 | 2020* | 2021* | 2022* | 2023* | 2024* | 2025* | 2026* | 2027* | 2028* | 2029* | 2030* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing | 14.30 | 18.40 | 23.80 | 31.20 | 41.20 | 54.40 | 72.30 | 96.20 | 128.10 | 170.40 | 226.00 | 298.50 |
Mining & Quarrying | 13.90 | 14.30 | 14.50 | 15.80 | 17.10 | 18.10 | 19.10 | 20.20 | 21.30 | 22.40 | 23.40 | 24.50 |
Manufacturing | 97.70 | 93.30 | 103.90 | 118.00 | 132.80 | 144.00 | 156.30 | 169.90 | 184.30 | 199.00 | 213.60 | 228.10 |
Electricity, Gas, Steam & A/C | 893.20 | 1006.30 | 1191.10 | 1403.90 | 1582.60 | 1743.50 | 1904.60 | 2062.30 | 2217.60 | 2372.70 | 2521.20 | 2657.70 |
Water Supply & Waste Management | 154.30 | 173.90 | 212.50 | 271.50 | 334.40 | 397.40 | 459.80 | 516.50 | 567.10 | 614.00 | 657.50 | 697.90 |
Construction | 8.60 | 8.30 | 10.20 | 12.70 | 15.50 | 17.90 | 20.40 | 23.20 | 26.20 | 29.10 | 31.80 | 34.50 |
Retail & Wholesale | 136.30 | 138.30 | 149.50 | 164.80 | 179.00 | 192.50 | 204.70 | 216.90 | 229.80 | 243.50 | 257.90 | 272.90 |
Transportation & Storage | 183.20 | 194.70 | 212.20 | 234.60 | 256.90 | 276.30 | 296.10 | 315.90 | 335.60 | 355.30 | 375.00 | 394.80 |
Accommodation & Food Service | 51.90 | 49.90 | 55.50 | 63.00 | 71.30 | 77.90 | 84.00 | 90.10 | 96.60 | 103.40 | 110.80 | 118.60 |
Information & Communication | 1.50 | 1.50 | 1.60 | 1.80 | 2.30 | 2.70 | 3.00 | 3.20 | 3.30 | 3.50 | 3.60 | 3.70 |
Finance & Insurance | 41.00 | 46.50 | 64.30 | 82.80 | 103.8 | 123.8 | 143.8 | 162.7 | 180.1 | 195.4 | 208.5 | 219.30 |
Professional, Scientific & Technical | 1.00 | 1.10 | 1.30 | 1.50 | 1.70 | 2.00 | 2.30 | 2.60 | 2.90 | 3.30 | 3.60 | 4.00 |
Administrative | 77.40 | 83.30 | 93.80 | 106.00 | 118.10 | 130.20 | 143.60 | 157.50 | 171.20 | 184.00 | 195.10 | 204.10 |
Government | 366.40 | 498.50 | 564.30 | 599.30 | 626.70 | 653.40 | 681.90 | 710.40 | 741.00 | 773.70 | 807.80 | 842.80 |
Health & Social Care | 28.50 | 32.90 | 39.10 | 46.20 | 54.50 | 63.80 | 74.20 | 85.50 | 97.80 | 110.90 | 124.70 | 139.30 |
Arts & Entertainment | 1.30 | 1.50 | 1.70 | 2.20 | 2.90 | 3.60 | 4.60 | 5.70 | 7.10 | 8.70 | 10.40 | 12.20 |
Other Services | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.20 | 0.30 | 0.40 | 0.60 | 0.80 | 1.10 | 1.40 | 1.90 |
Consumer | 4758.60 | 5407.00 | 6139.30 | 6998.40 | 7949.00 | 8959.60 | 10,033.90 | 11,142.30 | 12,289.20 | 13,471.90 | 14,681.60 | 15,908.50 |
Cross-vertical | 911.90 | 969.30 | 1186.30 | 1416.40 | 1656.60 | 1898.90 | 2131.50 | 2367.20 | 2608.60 | 2859.00 | 3116.20 | 3381.20 |
Tabular data for Fig. 4. Number of IoT devices and annual growth rate by area of application [31]
Number of IoT devices (millions) | Annual growth rate | |
|---|---|---|
Smart Home | 822.6 | 19.60% |
Smart City | 450 | 18% |
Industrial IoT | 356.5 | 23.40% |
Smart healthcare | 103.4 | 15.33% |
Connected vehicles | 56.5 | 13.62% |
Personal IoT devices | 407.4 | 13.96% |
Tabular data for Fig. 5. Number of smart homes that have implemented SHIoT devices from one of the categories (2018-2023) [32]
2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Energy Management | 1.24% | 1.75% | 2.39% | 3.15% | 4.02% | 4.95% | 5.91% |
Comfort and Lighting | 1.87% | 2.67% | 3.72% | 5.03% | 6.58% | 8.28% | 10.05% |
Home Entertainment | 1.77% | 2.44% | 3.26% | 4.23% | 5.33% | 6.51% | 7.76% |
Control and Connectivity | 2.53% | 3.69% | 5.25% | 7.24% | 9.53% | 11.93% | 14.25% |
Security | 1.62% | 2.24% | 3.01% | 3.92% | 4.95% | 6.06% | 7.22% |
Smart Appliances | 1.76% | 2.53% | 3.58% | 4.97% | 6.60% | 8.31% | 9.96% |
Tabular data for Fig. 6. The ratio of the prediction of the number of smart homes, SHIoT, and other connected devices [35]
SHIoT devices | Smart STB | Smart TV | 360° cameras | VR devices | Wearable devices | Other mobile devices | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2016 | 60 | 80 | 90 | - | 40 | 150 | 190 |
2017 | 60 | 100 | 80 | 30 | 60 | 140 | 150 |
2018 | 90 | 110 | 110 | 60 | 80 | 140 | 170 |
2019 | 120 | 140 | 160 | 70 | 100 | 110 | 170 |
2020 | 130 | 170 | 170 | 90 | 110 | 170 | 170 |
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Cvitić, I., Peraković, D., Periša, M. et al. An Overview of Smart Home IoT Trends and related Cybersecurity Challenges. Mobile Netw Appl (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11036-022-02055-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11036-022-02055-w