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β4GalT1 Mediates PPARγ N-Glycosylation to Attenuate Microglia Inflammatory Activation

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Abstract

The inflammatory activation of microglia has double-edged effects in central nervous system (CNS) diseases. The ligand-activated transcriptional factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) inhibits the inflammatory response. β-1,4-Galactosyltransferase Ι (β1, 4GalT1) mediates N-glycosylation. In this study, the N-glycosylation of PPARγ, as well as two N-linked glycosylation sites in its DNA binding domain (DBD), was identified. Disruption of both sites by site-directed mutagenesis completely abrogated the N-glycosylation of PPARγ. PPAR wild-type (WT) transfection inhibited the inflammatory activation of microglia, while the anti-inflammatory function of unglycosylated PPARγ was down-regulated. In addition, β1, 4GalT1 was shown to interact with PPARγ and to mediate PPARγ glycosylation. β1, 4GalT1 promoted PPARγ’s anti-transcription and anti-inflammatory functions. Collectively, our findings define that β-1, 4GalT1 mediated PPARγ glycosylation to attenuate the inflammatory activation of microglia, which has implications for potential therapies for CNS inflammatory diseases.

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FUNDING INFORMATION

This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 81401365), the Nantong Science and Technology Innovation Project (No. MS12015056), the 14th Six Talents Peak Project of Jiangsu Province (No. SWYY-058), the Undergraduate Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province High School (No. 201610304071Y), the Undergraduate Innovation Program of Nantong University (No. 2017147), and a project funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD).

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  1. Department of Pathogen Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China

    **aojuan Liu & **aolei Sun

  2. Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China

    Aihong Li

  3. Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, 2266001, Jiangsu, China

    Yuanyuan Ju, Wangrui Liu, Hui Shi, Renyue Hu & Zijian Zhou

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Correspondence to **aolei Sun.

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The animal study was approved by the ethics committee of Nantong University.

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Research involving Human Participants and/or Animals

All animal care and surgical procedures were performed in accordance with the National Institutes of Health Guidelines for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (National Research Council, 1996, USA) and were approved by the Chinese National Committee to Use of Experimental Animals for Medical Purposes, Jiangsu Branch. Additionally, the animal study was approved by the ethics committee of Nantong University.

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**aojuan Liu and Aihong Li contributed equally to this work.

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Liu, X., Li, A., Ju, Y. et al. β4GalT1 Mediates PPARγ N-Glycosylation to Attenuate Microglia Inflammatory Activation. Inflammation 41, 1424–1436 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10753-018-0789-4

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