Abstract
Sturgeons are ancient fish, with 27 species distributed in the Northern Hemisphere. This review first touches upon the significance of sturgeons in the context of their biological, ecological, and economic importance, highlighting their status as “living fossils” and the challenges they face in genomic research due to their diverse chromosome numbers. This review then discusses how omics technologies (genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics) have been used in sturgeon research, which so far has only been done on Acipenser species. It focuses on metabolomics as a way to better understand how sturgeons work and how they react to their environment. Specific studies in sturgeon metabolomics are cited, showing how metabolomics has been used to investigate various aspects of sturgeon biology, such as growth, reproduction, stress responses, and nutrition. These studies demonstrate the potential of metabolomics in improving sturgeon aquaculture practices and conservation efforts. Overall, the review suggests that metabolomics, as a relatively new scientific tool, has the potential to enhance our understanding of sturgeon biology and aid in their conservation and sustainable aquaculture, contributing to global food security efforts.
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Introduction
There are 27 species of sturgeons, all with ray-finned bodies but not neopterygian bodies. They are in the family Acipenseridae, which is in the class Actinopterygii, subclass Chondrostei, and order Acipenseriformes (Fricke et al. 2023), and has paraphyletic intergenic clades (Luo et al. 2019; Nedoluzhko et al. 2020; Shen et al. 2020). Their natural populations of 25 extant species in the wild (Froese and Pauly 2023; IUCN 2023) are distributed in riverine, lacustrine, estuarine, and coastal waters of the Northern Hemisphere (Pikitch et al. 2005), with non-native populations in South America (Avigliano et al. 2023). They are a remarkable evolutionary relic, earning the designation of “living fossils” by Charles Darwin (1859, p. 107). Positioned at the phylogenetic base of ray-finned fishes, sturgeons, with their archaic forms and ganoid scales, appear “frozen in time” (Du et al. 2020). Teleosts of neopterygian ray-finned fish went through three to four rounds of whole-genome duplications (Pasquier et al. 2016), but sturgeons only went through two rounds, kee** their primitive traits (Cheng et al. 2019; Du et al. 2020; Zhang et al. 2021).
Despite their unique biological characteristics, sturgeons present challenges for genome analyses due to diverse chromosome aneuploidy (Havelka et al. 2011). Studies have found that the number of chromosomes in different sturgeon species varies a lot. They range from 112 for the shovelnose sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus platorynchus) (Ohno et al. 1969) to 372 ± 6 for the shortnose sturgeon (Acipenser brevirostrum) (Fontana et al. 2008), 437 for the cultured Siberian sturgeon (A. baerii) (Havelka et al. 2016), and even 520 for the artificial octoploid Russian sturgeon (A. gueldenstaedtii) (Lebeda et al. 2020). These findings make it harder to do genomic engineering. Whole-genome sequencing has been done with only two sturgeon species (A. ruthenus and A. sinensis) (Cheng et al. 2019; Du et al. 2020; Wang et al. 2023a, b) and one paddlefish (Polyodon spathula) of the sturgeon-related family Polyodontidae (the order Acipenseriformes) (Zhang et al. 2021), besides complete mitochondrial genomes of Atlantic, Gulf, and European sturgeons (A. oxyrinchus oxyrinchus, A. o. desotoi, and A. sturio) (Liu et al. Data availability is not applicable to this article as no new data were created or analyzed in this study. Abed-Elmdoust A, Farahmand H, Mojazi-Amiri B, Rafiee G, Rahimi R (2017) Metabolic changes in droplet vitrified semen of wild endangered Persian sturgeon Acipenser persicus (Borodin, 1997). 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Part of this study was supported by JSPS KAKENHI No. 21K05782. Qi Liu: collection and analysis of relevant publications, and writing—original draft preparation. Takeshi Naganuma: conceptualization and planning of the review article, and writing—review and editing, supervision. The authors declare no competing interests. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Liu, Q., Naganuma, T. Metabolomics in sturgeon research: a mini-review.
Fish Physiol Biochem (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-024-01377-8 Received: Accepted: Published: DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-024-01377-8Data availability
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