Abstract
The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore the ways that early childhood teachers were “making waves” as they fostered equitable classrooms through multicultural picturebooks. Through a thematic analysis of one-on-one interviews and a virtual book selection simulation, five early childhood teachers offered their insights on the potential barriers teachers may face in selecting and using such books in their classrooms, as well as their suggestions for curating classroom libraries that highlight books that serve as mirrors, windows, and doors for children. These insights have the potential to support other early childhood teachers as they make waves of their own and leverage multicultural children’s literature to build equitable classrooms.
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10643-023-01557-w/MediaObjects/10643_2023_1557_Fig1_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10643-023-01557-w/MediaObjects/10643_2023_1557_Fig2_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10643-023-01557-w/MediaObjects/10643_2023_1557_Fig3_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10643-023-01557-w/MediaObjects/10643_2023_1557_Fig4_HTML.png)
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
While the intentional use of the term “white” in lowercase remains an ever-evolving topic, in this article, it is an action to draw attention to the critical difference between socially constructed concepts of race and skin color in research. In alignment with the stance of the Associated Press (Daniszewski, 2020), the term white will remain lowercase throughout.
References
Aboud, F. E. (2008). A social-cognitive developmental theory of prejudice. In S. M. Quintana & C. McKown (Eds.), Handbook of race, racism and the develo** child (pp. 53–71). Wiley.
Aerila, J. A., Soininen, M., & Merisuo-Storm, T. (2016). Literature as a tool in multicultural education: Perceptions of Finnish student teachers on reading multicultural literature in Finland. Research & Reviews: Journal of Educational Studies, 2(1), 53–62.
Banks, J. A., & Banks, C. A. (1995). Handbook of research on multicultural education. Macmillan.
Bigler, R. S., & Liben, L. S. (2007). Developmental intergroup theory: Explaining and reducing children’s social stereoty** and prejudice. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16, 162–166. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdir.2007.16.issue-3
Bishop, R. S. (1990). Mirrors, windows, and sliding glass doors. Perspectives, 6(3), ix–xi.
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3, 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Carey, J. (2022, January 25). Youngkin creates tip line to report mask concerns, ‘divisive practices' in schools. NBC Washington. https://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/virginia-gov-youngkin-promotes-tip-email-for-parents-to-report-teachers/2948440/
Crain, W. (2000). Theories of development: Concepts and applications. Prentice Hall.
Cushner, K. (2012). Intra-intercultural competence for teaching and learning. In B. D. Shaklee & S. Bailey (Eds.), Internationalizing teacher education in the United States (pp. 41–58). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc.
Daniszewski, J. (2020, July 20). Why we will lowercase white. The Associated Press. https://blog.ap.org/announcements/why-we-will-lowercase-white
Duke, N. K., Cervetti, G. N., & Wise, C. N. (2018). Learning from exemplary teachers of literacy. The Reading Teacher, 71(4), 395–400.
Evans, S. (2010). The role of multicultural literature interactive read-alouds on student perspectives toward diversity. Journal of Research in Innovative Teaching, 3(1), 92–104.
Feelings, T. (1985). Illustration is my form, the Black experience, my story and my content. The Advocate, 4(2), 73–82.
Gillborn, D. (2015). Intersectionality, critical race theory, and the primacy of racism: Race, class, gender, and disability in education. Qualitative Inquiry, 21(3), 277–287. https://doi.org/10.1177/107780041455782
Grieshaber, S. (2008). Interrupting stereotypes: Teaching and the education of young children. Early Education and Development, 19(3), 505–518.
Hansen-Thomas, H., & Cavagnetto, A. (2010). What do mainstream middle school teachers think about their English Language Learners? A tri-state case study. Bilingual Research Journal, 33(1), 249–266. https://doi.org/10.1080/152358882.2010.502803
Harris, E., & Alter, A. (2022). Book ban efforts spread across the U.S. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/30/books/book-ban-us-schools.html
Hymel, S., & Katz, J. (2019). Designing classrooms for diversity: Fostering social inclusion. Educational Psychologist, 54(4), 331–339.
Kannen, V., & Acker, S. (2008). Identity ‘issues’ and pedagogical silences: Exploring teaching dilemmas in the northern Ontario kindergarten classroom. Pedagogy, Culture & Society, 16(1), 25–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681360701877750
Kim, S. J., Wee, S.-J., & Lee, Y. M. (2016). Teaching kindergartners racial diversity Through multicultural literature: A case study in a kindergarten classroom in Korea. Early Education and Development, 27(3), 402–420. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2015.1069110
King, E., & Butler, B. R. (2015). Who cares about diversity? A preliminary investigation of diversity exposure in teacher preparation programs. Multicultural Perspectives, 17(1), 46–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/15210960.2015.994436
Lütge, C. (2013). Otherness in children’s literature. Perspectives for the EFL classroom. In J. Blandand & C. Lütge (Eds.), Children’s literature in second language education (pp. 97–106). Bloomsbury Academic.
Mackler, L., & Natanson, H. (2022, Feb 14). New critical race theory laws have teachers scared, confused and self-censoring. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2022/02/14/critical-race-theory-teachers-fear-laws/
McArdle, F., & McWilliam, E. (2005). From balance to blasphemy: Shifting metaphors for researching early childhood education. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 18, 323–336.
Merriam, S. B., & Tisdell, E. J. (2017). Qualitative research: Guide to design and implementation. NY: Jossey-Bass.
Mosley, M. (2010). ‘That really hit me hard’: Moving beyond passive anti-racism to engage with critical race literacy pedagogy. Race Ethnicity and Education, 13(4), 449–471.
National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC). (2019). Advancing equity in early childhood education. NAEYC. https://www.naeyc.org/sites/ default/files/globally-shared/ downloads/PDFs/resources/position-statements/ advancingequitypositionstatement.pdf
Natanson, H. (2021, July 5). How and why Loudoun County became the face of the nation’s culture wars. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/loudoun-critical-race-theory-transgender-rights/2021/07/05/3dab01b8-d4eb-11eb-ae54-515e2f63d37d_story.html
Nieto, S. (2000). Placing equity front and center: Some thoughts on transforming teacher education for a new century. Journal of Teacher Education, 51(3), 180–187. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022487100051003004
Olson, K. R., Shutts, K., Kinzler, K. D., & Weisman, K. G. (2012). Children associate racial groups with wealth: Evidence from South Africa. Child Development, 83, 1884–1899. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01819.x
Pushkin, I., & Veness, T. (2017). The development of racial awareness and prejudice in children. Psychology and race (pp. 23–42). Routledge.
Seefeldt, C. (1995). Transforming curriculum in social studies. In S. Bredekamp & T. Rosegrant (Eds.), Reaching potentials: Transforming early childhood curriculum and assessment (pp. 145–166). National Association for the Education of Young Children.
Short, K. (2011). Building bridges of understanding through international literature. In A. W. Bedford & L. K. Albright (Eds.), A master class in children’s literature: Trends and issues in an evolving field (pp. 130–148). National Council of Teachers of English.
Spiegelman, M. (2020). Race and ethnicity of public school teachers and their students. Data point. NCES 2020–103. National Center for Education Statistics.
Sullivan, J., Wilton, L., & Apfelbaum, E. P. (2021). Adults delay conversations about race because they underestimate children’s processing of race. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 150(2), 395–400. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000851
Tatum, A. W. (2005). Teaching reading to black adolescent males: Closing the achievement gap. Stenhouse.
TIME. (2023). The 100 best children’s books of all time. TIME. https://time.com/100-best-childrens-books/
Vittrup, B. (2016). Early childhood teachers’ approaches to multicultural education & Perceived barriers to disseminating anti-bias messages. Multicultural Education, 23(3–4), 37–41.
Zambo, D., & Brozo, W. G. (2009). Bright beginnings for boys: Engaging young boys in active literacy. International Reading Association.
Children’s Literature References
Bemelmans, L. (1967). Madeline. Viking Press.
Choi, Y. (2003). The name jar. Dragonfly Books.
Johnson, C. (1955). Harold and the purple crayon. HarperCollins.
Haack, D. (2018). Prince and knight. Little Bee Books.
Ho, J. (2021). Eyes that kiss in the corners. HarperCollins.
Kalman, M. (1991). Sayonara. Puffin Books.
Kamkwamba, W. (2016). The boy who harnessed the wind. Rocky Pond Books.
Keats, E. J. (1962). The snowy day. Viking Press.
Keats, E. J. (1964). Whistle for Willie. Viking Books.
Khan, H. (2015). Golden domes and silver lanterns: A Muslim book of colors. Chronicle Books.
Lindstrom, C. (2020). We are water protectors. Roaring Brook Press.
Maillard, K. N. (2019). Fry bread. Roaring Brook Press.
McCloskey, R. (1948). Blueberries for Sal. Viking Press.
Morales, Y. (2018). Dreamers. Neal Porter Books.
Muhammad, I. (2019). The proudest blue. Brown Books for Young Readers.
Niemann, C. (2008). The pet dragon. Greenwillow Books.
Pham, Y. (2021). My stinky food. Yvonne Pham.
Pizzoli, T. (2014). The Ghanian goldilocks. The English Schoolhouse.
Sendak, M. (1963). Where the wild things are. HarperCollins.
Thompson, K. (1969). Eloise. Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers.
Tonatiuh, D. (2017). Danza!: Amalia Hernández and el ballet folklórico de México. Abrams Books for Young Readers.
Viorst, H. (1972). Alexander and the terrible, horrible, no good, very bad day. Atheneum Books.
Yolen, J. (1987). Owl moon. Philomel Books.
Walker, T. E. (2020). Nana Akua goes to school. Anne Schwartz Books.
Zhang, K. (2019). Amy Wu and the perfect bao. Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Hayes, C., Francis, G. Making Waves: Early Childhood Teachers’ Experiences with Multicultural Picturebooks to Promote Equitable Classrooms. Early Childhood Educ J (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-023-01557-w
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-023-01557-w