Abstract
Main conclusion
The secondary metabolic conversion of monolignans to sesquilignans/dilignans was closely related to seed germination and seedling establishment in Arctium lappa.
Abstract
Arctium lappa plants are used as a kind of traditional Chinese medicines for nearly 1500 years, and so far, only a few studies have put focus on the key secondary metabolic changes during seed germination and seedling establishment. In the current study, a combined approach was used to investigate the correlation among secondary metabolites, plant hormone signaling, and transcriptional profiles at the early critical stages of A. lappa seed germination and seedling establishment. Of 50 metabolites in methonolic extracts of A. lappa samples, 35 metabolites were identified with LC–MS/MS and 15 metabolites were identified with GC–MS. Their qualitative properties were examined according to the predicted chemical structures. The quantitative analysis was performed for deciphering their metabolic profiles, discovering that the secondary metabolic conversion from monolignans to sesquilignans/dilignans was closely correlated to the initiation of A. lappa seed germination and seedling establishment. Furthermore, the critical transcriptional changes in primary metabolisms, translational regulation at different cellular compartments, and multiple plant hormone signaling pathways were revealed. In addition, the combined approach provides unprecedented insights into key regulatory mechanisms in both gene transcription and secondary metabolites besides many known primary metabolites during seed germination of an important traditional Chinese medicinal plant species. The results not only provide new insights to understand the regulation of key medicinal components of 'ARCTII FRUCTUS', arctiin and arctigenin at the stages of seed germination and seedling establishment, but also potentially spur the development of seed-based cultivation in A. lappa plants.
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Data availability
The raw sequence data from this study have been deposited in the publicly accessible NCBI Sequence Read Archive (SRA) database as accession number PRJNA931788(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioproject/PRJNA931788); the raw files of metabolic profile analysis have been deposited in MetaboLights database with the study access link as www.ebi.ac.uk/metabolights/MTBLS7968. The datasets supporting the conclusions of this article are included within the article and its additional files (Table S2). The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the authors on reasonable request.
Abbreviations
- GA:
-
Gibberellin
- JA:
-
Jasmonic acid
- PD:
-
Physical dormancy
- PLR:
-
Pinoresinol/lariciresinol reductase
- PY:
-
Physiological dormancy
- SA:
-
Salicylic acid
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the 2023 Liaoning Province Joint Fund Project [Grant No. 2023-MSLH-185], the National Natural Science Foundation of China [Grant Nos. 81874338, 81773852]; the Major Expenditure Increase and Reduction Project at the Central Level “Capacity Building for Sustainable Utilization of Precious Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources” [Grant No. 2060302].
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Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
RZ, TK, and LX conceived and designed the project. RZ, YY, MG, YX and JX conducted the filed experiments. RZ and YY wrote the manuscript. YX guided the research. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
