Abstract
This review aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the pharmacological properties of mangiferin, focusing primarily on its bioavailability and mechanisms of action, and its potential therapeutic applications, especially in the context of chronic diseases. We conducted a comprehensive examination of in vitro and in vivo studies, as well as clinical trials involving mangiferin or plant extracts containing mangiferin. The primary source of mangiferin is Mangifera indica, but it’s also found in other plant species from the families Anacardiaceae, Gentianaceae, and Iridaceae. Mangiferin has exhibited a myriad of therapeutic properties, presenting itself as a promising candidate for treating various chronic conditions including neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular diseases, renal and pulmonary diseases, diabetes, and obesity. Despite the promising results showcased in many in vitro studies and certain animal studies, the application of mangiferin has been limited due to its poor solubility, absorption, and overall bioavailability. Mangiferin offers significant therapeutic potential in treating a spectrum of chronic diseases, as evidenced by both in vitro and clinical trials. However, the challenges concerning its bioavailability necessitate further research, particularly in optimizing its delivery and absorption, to harness its full medicinal potential. This review serves as a comprehensive update on the health-promoting and therapeutic activities of mangiferin.
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Abbreviations
- α-SMA:
-
alpha smooth muscle actin
- A1/G1 (ABCA1/G1):
-
ATP binding cassette
- AChE:
-
acetylcholinesterase
- Ab1-40:
-
amyloid beta peptide 1–40
- Ab1-42:
-
amyloid beta peptide 1–42
- ABCG2:
-
ATP-binding cassette superfamily G member 2
- ADPS:
-
average daily pain diary score
- AKT:
-
protein kinase B
- AMPK:
-
AMP-activated protein kinase
- APAF-1:
-
apoptosis protease-activating factor-1
- APP:
-
amyloid precursor protein
- APP/PS1:
-
mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease
- AQP-2:
-
aquaporin-2
- AR-29:
-
Anoxybacillus sp. AR-29 strain
- ASC:
-
artificial cerebrospinal fluid
- ASK1:
-
apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1
- ATP:
-
adenosine triphosphate
- β-LG:
-
β-LACTOGLOBULIN
- Bcl-2:
-
B-cell lymphoma 2
- BCS:
-
biopharmaceutics Classification System
- BDNF:
-
brain-derived neurotrophic factor
- BV-2:
-
immortalized murine microglial cell line
- CAT:
-
catalase
- CLP:
-
cecal ligation and puncture
- Col I:
-
collagen type I alpha 1
- COMT:
-
catechol-O-methyltransferase
- COX-2:
-
cyclooxygenase
- DCM:
-
diabetic cardiomyopathy
- DSS:
-
dextran sulphate sodium
- E2(PGE2):
-
prostaglandin E2
- EEG:
-
electroencephalogram
- EPM:
-
elevated plus maze
- ESI-MSn:
-
electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy
- F2a(8–150-PGF2a):
-
8–150-prostaglandin F2α
- Fas:
-
apoptosis antigen 1
- FFA:
-
free fatty acids
- FN:
-
formononetin
- FST:
-
forced swimming test
- GIT:
-
gastrointestinal regulation
- GLUT4:
-
glucose transporter 4
- GLUT9:
-
glucose transporter 9
- GPX:
-
glutathione peroxidase
- GRAS:
-
generally recognized as safe
- GSH:
-
hippocampal glutathione
- HDL:
-
high-density lipoprotein cholesterol
- HO-1:
-
hemeoxygenase-1
- HPLC:
-
high-performance liquid chromatography
- HSV-1:
-
herpes simplex virus
- IBs:
-
inflammatory bowel syndrome
- IC50:
-
inhibitory concentration
- ICAM-1:
-
intercellular adhesion molecule 1
- IκBα:
-
nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha
- IL-1b:
-
interleukin 1b
- IL-6:
-
interleukin 6
- IL-18:
-
interleukin 18
- iNOS:
-
inducible nitric oxide synthase
- IUPAC:
-
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
- KATP-channels:
-
ATP-sensitive potassium channel
- KOS:
-
herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) strain KOS
- LD50:
-
lethal dose
- LDL:
-
low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
- LPS:
-
lipopolysaccharide
- LXRα:
-
liver X receptor-α
- MANG:
-
bacteroides
- MAOA:
-
monoamine oxidase A
- MAOB:
-
monoamine oxidase B
- MAP:
-
mitogen-activated protein
- MCP-1:
-
monocyte chemoattractant protein 1
- MeSH:
-
medical subject headings
- MGF:
-
mangiferin
- MMP-2:
-
matrix metallopeptidase 2
- MMP-9:
-
matrix metallopeptidase 9
- mRNA:
-
messenger ribonucleic acid
- MWM:
-
Morris water maze
- NF-kB:
-
nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
- NGF:
-
nerve growth factor
- NLRP3:
-
NLR family pyrin domain containing 3
- NO:
-
nitric oxide
- NOR:
-
novel object recognition
- NOS-II:
-
nitric oxide synthase II
- Nrf-2:
-
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
- OAT1:
-
organic anion transporter 1
- OVA:
-
ovalbumin
- p38 MAPK:
-
p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases
- PGE2:
-
prostaglandin E2
- PAT:
-
passive avoidance test
- PI3K:
-
phosphoinositide 3-kinase
- PPAR-γ:
-
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
- PTEN:
-
fosfatidilinositol-3,4,5-trisfosfato 3-fosfatasa
- ROS:
-
reactive oxygen species
- rRNA:
-
ribosomal ribonucleic acid
- SAMP 8 :
-
senescence-accelerated mouse
- SCA-2:
-
spinocerebellar ataxia type 2
- SD:
-
sleep deprivation
- SKIP:
-
sphingosine kinase interacting protein
- Smad2/3:
-
mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3
- SOD:
-
superoxide dismutase
- STAT:
-
signal transducer and the activator of transcription
- STZ:
-
streptozotocin
- TAU:
-
tubulin-associated unit
- tBHP:
-
t-butyl hydroperoxide
- tBid:
-
truncated bid protein
- TCM:
-
traditional Chinese medicine
- TG:
-
serum thyroglobulin
- TGF-β:
-
transforming growth factor beta
- TGF-β1:
-
transforming growth factor beta 1
- Th9:
-
T helper type 9 cells
- Th17 :
-
T helper type 17 cells
- TLR4:
-
toll-like receptor 4
- TNF-a:
-
tumor necrosis factor α
- TRIP :
-
turning research into practice
- TXNIP:
-
thioredoxin-interacting protein
- U138-MG:
-
glioblastoma cells
- URAT1:
-
solute carrier family 22 (organic anion/cation transporter), member 12S
- WOMAC:
-
Western Ontario and Mc Master Universities
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Zivković, J., Kumar, K.A., Rushendran, R. et al. Pharmacological properties of mangiferin: bioavailability, mechanisms of action and clinical perspectives. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 397, 763–781 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00210-023-02682-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00210-023-02682-4