Abstract
Lake ecology can be affected by exchange flows driven by horizontal temperature gradients in lake–wetland interfaces. In this work, we investigate the hypothesis that thermally driven flows modulate the horizontal migration patterns of freshwater zooplankters. A 48-h field campaign in a shallow lake (Lake Vela, Quiaios, Portugal) was carried out to test this hypothesis. Thermal differences between the littoral and limnetic areas were measured along two transects featuring a Schoenoplectus lacustris and a Myriophyllum aquaticum stand in the littoral. In parallel, the physiochemistry and chlorophyll a, as a proxy for food availability differences between the littoral and the limnetic zones, were monitored. Zooplankton samples were collected for assessing overall and group-specific number-density differences. The diel period (day or night) and the site (littoral or limnetic zone) did not interact significantly to modulate the variation patterns for the studied physiochemical variables, indicating that these parameters should not explain horizontal zooplankton distribution patterns. The expected patterns for zooplankton diel horizontal migration as driven by the presence of visual predators were occasionally confirmed by our limnetic versus littoral abundance records through time, depending on the transect. Group-specific abundance patterns indicate particular features: copepods always preferred the littoral over the limnetic zone regardless of the diel period; chydorids always preferred the littoral zone regardless of the macrophyte stand involved; bosminids tended to preferentially concentrate in the limnetic zone. No consistent relationship was identified between the expected flow direction due to temperature differences and zooplankton abundance changes, although it occasionally occurred through the dataset.
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
Introduction
Natural convection in lentic water bodies can influence water quality (Naghib et al. 2018) and may have substantial ecological impacts (Mao et al. 2019). In a lake, mixing and transport of particles can be promoted by density currents driven by variations in water temperature (Mortimer 1974; Okely and Imberger 2007; Tsydenov et al. 2016; Mao et al. 2019). Horizontal differences (limnetic vs littoral areas) in temperature create density gradients, which promote the establishment of horizontal surface exchange flows (Farrow 2004; Okely and Imberger 2007). The faster heating of the water in shallower areas than in the deeper areas generates convective currents from the littoral to the open lake at the surface. Temperature differences as small as 0.5 °C lead to velocity magnitudes of the order of a few centimetres per second (Pálmarsson and Schladow 2008). Also, aquatic plants are able to induce convective motion by promoting differential shading and by reducing wind in shallower regions (Lovstedt and Bengtsson 2008; Lightbody et al. 2008; Zhang and Nepf 2009). Lovstedt and Bengtsson (2008) observed average temperature differences of 0.8 °C and mean velocities of 0.8 ± 0.5 cm/s in surface currents towards the vegetated littoral in a shallow lake in southern Sweden. These thermal flows can transport nutrients, chemicals and pollutants through the surface of water across lentic water bodies (Mao et al. 2019), and can influence zooplankton distribution patterns (Podsetchine and Schernewski 1999).
The distribution of zooplankters has been argued to be driven by abiotic and/or biotic factors (Viljanen and Karjalainen 1993; Pinel-Alloul 1995; Thackeray et al. 2004; Gabaldón et al. 2019; Rollwagen-Bollens et al. 2020), relating to two major zooplankton movement patterns: diel horizontal migration (DHM) and diel vertical migration (DVM) (Pinel-Alloul 1995; Hembre and Megard 2003; Pinel-Alloul et al. 2004; Emily et al. 2017; Ermolaeva et al. 2019). DVM describes the movement into deeper and darker sites in the water column during the light time (day) to avoid visual predators, but at night the opposite movement typically occurs towards the water surface for improved acquisition of food resources (O’Brien 2000; Adamczuk 2014), with higher abundance generally recorded within the Myriophyllum stand than the Schoenoplectus stand. Bosmina have a different feeding flexibility and locomotory behaviour than other cladocerans because they feed more like a raptorial predator than a passive collector, and they can select food items upon availability, which is an energy-efficient mechanism allowing them to share habitat with competitors without the need for costly spatial migration (DeMott and Kerfoot 1982).
Challenges to and inconsistencies with zooplanktonic DHM theory are well known and relate to the contrast between predation and prey refuge (Burks et al. 2002; Nurminen and Horppila 2002; Meerhoff et al. 2006; Castro et al. 2007b; Jensen et al. 2010; Arcifa et al. 2013; Antón-Pardo et al. 2021), as well as to the role of water transparency in moderating the relationship. Turbidity, which is high in Lake Vela, has a consistent negative effect on prey capture by visually oriented predators, and there is also evidence that high turbidity leads to reduced prey capture in non-visual predators (Ortega et al. 2020). The behaviour of dominant planktivorous fish in Lake Vela may also contribute to the inconsistencies, because young pumpkinseed sunfish tend to prey in the littoral (García-Berthou and Moreno-Amich 2000), as do mosquitofish, mostly upon littoral cladocerans (García-Berthou 1999). Unfortunately, there are no systematic records on the fish assemblage of Lake Vela at the time of the sampling, and mosquitofish were consistently observed near both vegetated areas during the sampling period, while pumpkinseed sunfish were more rarely observed. The role of wind and thermal currents in modulating the spatial heterogeneity of zooplankton distribution in lakes has been postulated (Okely and Imberger 2007), but these ideas have also been questioned as factors affecting zooplankton spatial distribution (Lévesque et al. 2010).
In a shallow lake with littoral regions populated by emergent vegetation, differential solar heating can produce near-surface temperature differences between vegetated and non-vegetated regions. During the day, especially on sunny days, the shadowing effect on the littoral areas should reduce surface water heating relative to the limnetic areas, leading to the generation of horizontal exchange flows towards the vegetated areas (Zhang and Nepf 2009). During the night, the cooling effect is expected to be more efficient in the limnetic areas, leading to a surface flow from littoral to lake open areas. Nevertheless, the water temperature measurements of the present work did not follow that expected pattern. In the Schoenoplectus axis, the surface water in the limnetic area was always warmer than in the littoral. In the Myriophyllum axis, the water was warmer in the littoral than in the limnetic area during the day, whereas the temperatures were similar in the littoral and limnetic areas during the night. This behaviour is likely related to the type of vegetation and its specific heat features. Myriophyllum aquaticum is characterized by very dense plant distributions with short canopies. A potential large heat absorption by the plants might contribute to a faster water heating process compared with the limnetic area.
The correspondence between the expected surface exchange flow based on the water temperature differences and the abundance of the whole and group-specific zooplankton was not definitive with respect to the role of thermally driven exchange flows on the zooplankton horizontal migration patterns. Lake circulation is prone to the influence of several factors leading to complex flow (Zhang and Nepf 2009; Mao et al. 2019; Naghib et al. 2018). In shallow lakes in Mediterranean regions with high temperatures and exposure to annually prevalent winds (North Atlantic Anticyclone combined with North Atlantic Oscillation), the wind pattern and intensity may have a significant influence on the surface exchange flow and, therefore, on the spatial distribution of zooplankton. The potential role of the wind in this process will require further analysis and additional study.
Availability of data and materials
Data can be requested contacting the corresponding author.
References
Abrantes N, Antunes SC, Pereira MJ, Gonçalves F (2006a) Seasonal succession of cladocerans and phytoplankton and their interactions in a shallow eutrophic lake (Lake Vela, Portugal). Acta Oecologica 29:54–64
Abrantes N, Pereira R, Gonçalves F (2006b) First step for an ecological risk assessment to evaluate the impact of diffuse pollution in lake Vela (Portugal). Environ Monit Assess 177:411–431
Abrantes N, Pereira R, Gonçalves F (2010) Occurrence of pesticides in water, sediments, and fish tissues in a lake surrounded by agricultural lands: concerning risks to humans and ecological receptors. Water Air Soil Pollut 212:77–88
Adamczuk M (2014) Niche separation by littoral-benthic Chydoridae (Cladocera, Crustacea) in a deep lake-potential drivers of their distribution and role in littoral-pelagic coupling. J Limnol 73:490–501
Almeda R, van Someren Grève H, Kiørboe T (2017) Behavior is a major determinant of predation risk in zooplankton. Ecosphere 8:e01668
Andersen MR, Kragh T, Sand-Jensen K (2017) Extreme diel dissolved oxygen and carbon cycles in shallow vegetated lakes. Proc R Soc B Biol Sci 284:20171427
Antón-Pardo M, Muška M, Jůza T, Vejříková I, Vejřík L, Blabolil P, Čech M, Draštík V, Frouzová J, Holubová M (2021) Diel changes in vertical and horizontal distribution of cladocerans in two deep lakes during early and late summer. Sci Total Environ 751:141601
Antunes SC, Abrantes N, Gonçalves F (2003) Seasonal variation of the abiotic parameters and the cladoceran assemblage of Lake Vela: comparison with previous studies. Ann Limnol 39:255–264
Antunes SC, de Figueiredo DR, Marques SM, Castro BB, Pereira R, Gonçalves F (2007) Evaluation of water column and sediment toxicity from an abandoned uranium mine using a battery of bioassays. Sci Total Environ 374:252–259
APHA (2017) Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. American Public Health Association American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation, Washington DC
Arcifa M, Bunioto T, Perticarrari A, Minto W (2013) Diel horizontal distribution of microcrustaceans and predators throughout a year in a shallow neotropical lake. Braz J Biol 73:103–114
Arcifa MS, Perticarrari A, Bunioto TC, Domingos AR, Minto WJ (2016) Microcrustaceans and predators: diel migration in a tropical lake and comparison with shallow warm lakes. Limnetica 35:281–296
Ardohain DM, Gabellone NA, Claps MC (2021) Main drivers in the structure and dynamics of the zooplankton community in a pampean seepage shallow lake throughout an annual cycle during turbid and clear water regimes. Int Aquat Res 13:53–70
Bell ATC, Murray DL, Prater C, Frost PC (2019) Fear and food: Effects of predator-derived chemical cues and stoichiometric food quality on Daphnia. Limnol Oceanogr 64:1706–1715
Bianco G, Mariani P, Visser AW, Mazzocchi MG, Pigolotti S (2014) Analysis of self-overlap reveals trade-offs in plankton swimming trajectories. J R Soc Interface 11:20140164
Bledzki LA, Rybak JI (2016) Freshwater Crustacean Zooplankton of Europe: Cladocera & Copepoda (Calanoida, Cyclopoida) Key to species identification, with notes on ecology, distribution, methods and introduction to data analysis. Springer
Brower JE, Zar JH, Von Ende CN (1998) Field and laboratory methods for general ecology. WCB McGraw-Hill
Bundy MH, Vanderploeg HA (2002) Detection and capture of inert particles by calanoid copepods: the role of the feeding current. J Plankton Res 24:215–223
Burks RL, Lodge DM, Jeppesen E, Lauridsen TL (2002) Diel horizontal migration of zooplankton: cost and benefits of inhabiting the littoral. Freshw Biol 47:343–365
Burks RL, Mulderij G, Gross E, Jones I, Jacobsen L, Jeppesen E, Van Donk E (2006) Center stage: the crucial role of macrophytes in regulating trophic interactions in shallow lake wetlands. In: Bobbink R, Beltman B, Verhoeven JTA, Whigham DF (eds) Wetlands: functioning, biodiversity, conservation and restoration. Ecological Studies (Analysis and Synthesis). Springer, pp 37–59
Castro BB, Consciência S, Gonçalves F (2007a) Life history responses of Daphnia longispina to mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) and pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus) kairomones. Hydrobiologia 594:165–174
Castro BB, Marques SM, Goncalves F (2007b) Habitat selection and diel distribution of the crustacean zooplankton from a shallow Mediterranean lake during the turbid and clear water phases. Freshw Biol 52:421–433
CM-Ministries Council (2000) Resolução do Conselho de Ministros n◦ 76/2000. Diário da República I Série-B, Portugal
Cuker BE, Watson MA (2002) Diel vertical migration of zooplankton in contrasting habitats of the Chesapeake Bay. Estuaries 25:296–307
DeMott WR, Kerfoot WC (1982) Competition among cladocerans: nature of the interaction between Bosmina and Daphnia. Ecol 63:1949–1966
Ebina J, Tsutsui T, Shirai T (1983) Simultaneous determination of total nitrogen and total phosphorus in water using peroxodisulfate oxidation. Water Res 17:1721–1726
Ekvall MT, Sha Y, Palmér T, Bianco G, Bäckman J, Åström K, Hansson LA (2020) Behavioural responses to co-occurring threats of predation and ultraviolet radiation in Daphnia. Freshw Biol 65:1509–1517
Emily H, Hrabik TR, Li Y, Lawson ZJ, Carpenter SR, Vander Zanden MJ (2017) The effects of experimental whole-lake mixing on horizontal spatial patterns of fish and Zooplankton. Aquat Sci 79:543–556
Engelmayer A (1995) Effects of predator-released chemicals on some life history parameters of Daphnia pulex. Hydrobiologia 307:203–206
Ermolaeva NI, Zarubina EY, Bazhenova OP, Dvurechenskaya SY, Mikhailov VV (2019) Influence of abiotic and trophic factors on the daily horizontal migration of zooplankton in the littoral zone of the novosibirsk reservoir. Inland Water Biol 12:418–427
Farrow DE (2004) Periodically forced natural convection over slowly varying topography. J Fluid Mech 508:1–21
Fish Biology 55: 135–147.
Folt C, Burns C (1999) Biological drivers of zooplankton patchiness. Trends Ecol Evol 14:300–305
Frodge JD, Thomas GL, Pauley GB (1990) Effects of canopy formation by floating and submergent aquatic macrophytes on the water quality of two shallow Pacific Northwest lakes. Aquat Bot 38:231–248
Gabaldón C, Devetter M, Hejzlar J, Šimek K, Znachor P, Nedoma J, Seďa J (2019) Seasonal strengths of the abiotic and biotic drivers of a zooplankton community. Freshw Biol 64:1326–1341
García-Berthou E (1999) Food of introduced mosquitofish: ontogenic diet shift and prey selection. J Fish Biol 55:135–147
García-Berthou E, Moreno-Amich RR (2000) Food of introduced pumpkinseed sunfish: ontogenic diet shift and seasonal variation. J Fish Biol 57:29–40
Hanson MA, Butler MG (1994) Responses of plankton, turbidity, and macrophytes to biomanipulation in a shallow Prairie Lake. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 51:1180–1188
Hembre LK, Megard RO (2003) Seasonal and diel patchiness of a Daphnia population: an acoustic analysis. Limnol Oceanogr 48:2221–2233
Heuschele J, Ekvall MT, Bianco G, Hylander S, Hansson LA (2017) Context-dependent individual behavioral consistency in Daphnia. Ecosphere 8:e01679
INAG (2009) Critérios para a classificação do estado das massas de água superficiais - rios e albufeiras. Ministério do Ambiente, do Ordenamento do Território e do Desenvolvimento Regional. Instituto da água I.Pl.
Jacobsen L, Perrow MR, Landkildehus F, Hjorne M, Lauridsen TL, Berg S (1997) Interactions between piscivores, zooplanktivores and zooplankton in submerged macrophytes: preliminary observations from enclosure and pond experiments. Hydrobiologia 342:197–205
Jensen E, Brucet S, Meerhoff M, Nathansen L, Jeppesen E (2010) Community structure and diel migration of zooplankton in shallow brackish lakes: role of salinity and predators. Hydrobiologia 646:215–229. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-010-0172-4
Jeppesen E (1998) The ecology of shallow lakes—trophic interactions in the Pelagial. National Environmental Research Institute, Silkeborg
Jeppesen E, Lauridsen TL, Kairesalo T, Perrow MR (1998) Impact of submerged macrophytes on fish-zooplankton interactions in lakes. In: Jeppesen E, Søndergaard M, Søndergaard M, Christoffersen K (eds) The structuring role of submerged macrophytes in lakes. Ecological Studies, vol 131. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-0695-8_5
Jiang H, Strickler JR (2007) Copepod flow modes and modulation: a modelling study of the water currents produced by an unsteadily swimming copepod. Philos Trans R Soc B Biolog Sci 362:1959–1971
Jiang H, Meneveau C, Osborn TR (2002a) The flow field around a freely swimming copepod in steady motion. Part II: numerical simulation. J Plankton Res 24:191–213
Jiang H, Osborn TR, Meneveau C (2002b) The flow field around a freely swimming copepod in steady motion. Part I: theoretical analysis. J Plankton Res 24:167–189
Kairesalo T (1980) Diurnal fluctuations within a littoral plankton community in oligotrophic Lake Pääjärvi, southern Finland. Freshw Biol 10:533–537
Kiørboe T (2011) How zooplankton feed: mechanisms, traits and trade-offs. Biol Rev 86:311–339
Kjellerup S, Kiørboe T (2012) Prey detection in a cruising copepod. Biol Let 8:438–441
Klemetsen A, Aase BM, Amundsen PA (2020) Diversity, abundance, and life histories of littoral chydorids (Cladocera: Chydoridae) in a subarctic European lake. J Crustac Biol 40:534–543
Laforsch C, Beccara L, Tollrian R (2006) Inducible defenses: the relevance of chemical alarm cues in Daphnia. Limnol Oceanogr 51:1466–1472
Lauridsen TL, Lodge DM (1996) Avoidance by Daphnia magna of fish and macrophytes: chemical cues and predator-mediated use of macrophyte habitat. Limnol Oceanogr 41:794–798
Lauridsen TL, Jeppesen E, Mitchell SF, Lodge DM, Burks RL (1996) Diel variation in horizontal distribution of Daphnia and Ceriodaphnia in oligotrophic and mesotrophic lakes with contrasting fish densities. Hydrobiologia 408:241–250
Lauridsen TL, Jeppesen E, Sondergaard M, Lodge DM (1998) Horizontal migration of Zooplankton:predator-mediated us of macrophyte habitat. In: Jeppesen E, Sondergaard M, Christoffersen K (eds) The structuring role of submerged macrophytes in lakes. Ecological studies (Analysis and Synthesis). Springer, New York
Lévesque S, Beisner BE, Peres-Neto PR (2010) Meso-scale distributions of lake zooplankton reveal spatially and temporally varying trophic cascades. J Plankton Res 32:1369–1384
Lightbody A, Avener M, Nepf H (2008) Observations of short-circuiting flow paths within a free-surface wetland in Augusta, Georgia, U.S.A. Limnol Oceanogr 53:1040–1053
Lind OT (1979) Handbook of common methods in limnology. Mosby
Lorenzen CJ (1967) Determination of chlorophyll and pheo-pigments: spectrophotometric equations. Limnol Oceanogr 12:343–346
Lovstedt CB, Bengtsson L (2008) Density-driven current between reed belts and open water in a shallow lake. Water Resour Res 44:W10413
Mortimer CH (1974) Lake Hydrodynamics. Mitteilungen Internationale Vereingung fur Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie.
Manatunge J, Asaeda T, Priyadarshana T (2000) The Influence of Structural Complexity on Fish–zooplankton Interactions: A Study Using Artificial Submerged Macrophytes. Environ Biol Fishes 58:425–438
Mao Y, Lei C, Patterson JC (2019) Natural convection in a reservoir induced by sinusoidally varying temperature at the water surface. Int J Heat Mass Transfer 134:610–627
McCloud CL, Ismail HN, Seuront L (2018) Cue hierarchy in the foraging behaviour of the brackish cladoceran Daphniopsis australis. J Oceanol Limnol 36:2050–2060
Meerhoff M, Fosalba C, Bruzzone C, Mazzeo N, Noordoven W, Jeppesen E (2006) An experimental study of habitat choice by Daphnia: plants signal danger more than refuge in subtropical lakes. Freshw Biol 51:1320–1330. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2006.01574.x
Montiel-Martínez A, Ciros-Pérez J, Corkidi G (2015) Littoral zooplankton–water hyacinth interactions: habitat or refuge? Hydrobiologia 755:173–182
Naghib A, Patterson J, Lei C (2018) Natural convection induced by absorption of solar radiation in the near shore region of lakes and reservoirs: experimental results. Exp Therm Fluid Sci 90:101–114
Nevalainen L (2010) Evaluation of microcrustacean (Cladocera, Chydoridae) biodiversity based on sweep net and surface sediment samples. Ecoscience 17:356–364
Nurminen LKL, Horppila JA (2002) A diurnal study on the distribution of filter feeding zooplankton: effect of emergent macrophytes, pH and lake trophy. Aquat Sci 64:198–206
Nurminen L, Horppila J, Pekcan-Hekim Z (2007) Effect of light and predator abundance on the habitat choice of plant-attached zooplankton. Freshw Biol 52:539–548
O’Brien WJ (1979) The Predator-Prey Interaction of Planktivorous Fish and Zooplankton: Recent research with planktivorous fish and their zooplankton prey shows the evolutionary thrust and parry of the predator-prey relationship. American Scientist Sigma ** Sci Res Soc 67: 572–581. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27849438. Accessed 28 Dec 2022
Okely P, Imberger J (2007) Horizontal transport induced by upwelling in a canyon-shaped reservoir. Hydrobiologia 586:343–355
Ortega JCG, Figueiredo BRS, da Graça WJ, Agostinho AA, Bini LM (2020) Negative effect of turbidity on prey capture for both visual and non-visual aquatic predators. J Anim Ecol 89:2427–2439
Padial AA, Thomaz SM, Agostinho AA (2009) Effects of structural heterogeneity provided by the floating macrophyte Eichhornia azurea on the predation efficiency and habitat use of the small Neotropical fish Moenkhausia sanctaefilomenae. Hydrobiologia 624:161–170
Pálmarsson SÓ, Schladow SG (2008) Exchange flow in a shallow lake embayment. Ecol Appl 18:A89–A106
Pijanowska J, Dawidowicz P, Weider LJ (2006) Predator-induced escape response in Daphnia. Arch Hydrobiol 167:77–87
Pinel-Alloul B (1995) Spatial heterogeneity as a multiscale characteristic of zooplankton community. Hydrobiologia 300:17–42
Pinel-Alloul B, Méthot G, Malinsky-Rushansky NZ (2004) A short-term study of vertical and horizontal distribution of zooplankton during thermal stratification in Lake Kinneret, Israel. Hydrobiologia 526:85–98. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:HYDR.0000041611.71680.fc
Podsetchine V, Schernewski G (1999) The influence of spatial wind inhomogeneity on flow patterns in a small lake. Water Res 33:3348–3356
Ringelberg J (2009) Diel vertical migration of zooplankton in lakes and oceans: causal explanations and adaptive significances. Springer Science & Business Media
Rizo E, Xu S, Tang Q, Papa R, Dumont H, Qian S, Han B-P (2019) A global analysis of cladoceran body size and its variation linking to habitat, distribution and taxonomy. Zool J Linn Soc 187:1119–1130
Rollwagen-Bollens G, Bollens S, Dexter E, Cordell J (2020) Biotic vs. abiotic forcing on plankton assemblages varies with season and size class in a large temperate estuary. J Plankton Res 42:221–237
Sakwińska O (1998) Plasticity of Daphnia magna life history traits in response to temperature and information about a predator. Freshw Biol 39:681–687
Sandercock GA, Scudder GGE (1996) Key to the species of freshwater calanoid copepods (Crustacea) of British Columbia. North. University of British Columbia, Vancouver
Šorf M, Devetter M (2011) Coupling of seasonal variations in the zooplankton community within the limnetic and littoral zones of a shallow pond. Annales De Limnologie-Int J Limnol EDP Sci 47:259–268
Špoljar M, Dražina T, Habdija I, Meseljević M, Grčić Z (2011) Contrasting zooplankton assemblages in two oxbow lakes with low transparencies and narrow emergent macrophyte belts (Krapina River, Croatia). Int Rev Hydrobiol 96:175–190
Stansfield J, Perrow M, Tench L, Jowitt A, Taylor A (1997) Submerged macrophytes as refuges for grazing Cladocera against fish predation: observations on seasonal changes in relation to macrophyte cover and predation pressure. Hydrobiologia 342:229–240
Thackeray SJ, George DG, Jones RI, Winfield IJ (2004) Quantitative analysis of the importance of wind-induced circulation for the spatial structuring of planktonic populations. Freshw Biol 49:1091–1102
Thomas R, Maybeck M, Beim A (1996) Lakes. In: Chapman D (ed) Water quality assessments - a guide to use of biota, sediments and water in environmental monitoring. UNESCO/WHO/UNEP
Thorp JH, Covich AP (2001) An overview of freshwater habitats. In: Thorp JH, Covish AP (eds) Ecology and classification of North American freshwater invertebrates. Academic Press, pp 19–41
Tiselius P, Jonsson PR (1997) Effects of copepod foraging behavior on predation risk: An experimental study of the predatory copepod Pareuchaeta norvegica feeding on Acartia clausi and A. tonsa (Copepoda). Limnol Oceanogr 42:164–170
Tremel B, Frey SE, Yan ND, Somers KM, Pawson TW (2000) Habitat specificity of littoral Chydoridae (Crustacea, Branchiopoda, Anomopoda) in Plastic Lake, Ontario, Canada. Hydrobiologia 432:195–205
Tsydenov BO, Kay A, Starchenko AV (2016) Numerical modeling of the spring thermal bar and pollutant transport in a large lake. Ocean Model 104:73–83
USEPA (2000) USEPA Nutrient Criteria Technical Guidance Manual, Lakes and Reservoirs. Breeam Communities. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC
van Someren Gréve H, Almeda R, Kiørboe T (2017) Motile behavior and predation risk in planktonic copepods. Limnol Oceanogr 62:1810–1824
Viljanen M, Karjalainen J (1993) Horizontal distribution of zooplankton in two large lakes in Eastern Finland. SIL Proceedings - Verhandlungen Des Internationalen Verein Limnologie 25:548–551
Visser AW, Thygesen UH (2003) Random motility of plankton: diffusive and aggregative contributions. J Plankton Res 25:1157–1168
Williamson CE, Morris DP, Pace ML, Olson OG (1999) Dissolved organic carbon and nutrients as regulators of lake ecosystems: Resurrection of a more integrated paradigm. Limnol Oceanogr 44:795–803
Wojtal A, Frankiewicz P, Izydorczyk K, Zalewski M (2003) Horizontal migration of zooplankton in a littoral zone of the lowland Sulejow Reservoir (Central Poland). Hydrobiologia 506–509:339–346
Zhang X, Nepf HM (2009) Thermally driven exchange flow between open water and an aquatic canopy. J Fluid Mech Camb Univ Press 632:227–243
Funding
Open access funding provided by FCT|FCCN (b-on). This work was supported by the project WinTherface (PTDC/CTA-OHR/30561/2017) funded by FEDER, through COMPETE2020—Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalização (POCI), and by national funds (OE), through FCT/MCTES. Thanks are due to FCT/MCTES for the financial support to CESAM (UIDP/50017/2020 + UIDB/50017/2020 + LA/P/0094/2020) and to CERIS (UIDB/04625/2020), through national funds. Tânia Vidal and Ana M. Ricardo are funded by national funds (OE), through FCT, I.P., in the scope of the framework contract foreseen in the numbers 4, 5 and 6 of the article 23, of the Decree-Law 57/2016, of August 29, changed by Law 57/2017, of July 19.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
The study was designed by AMR, JP, NA, FG and RF. The field data were collected by JP, ASL, JS, TV, NA, MB, DS, FG, RF and AMR. Field samples were analysed by ASL, JP, TV and JP. Material preparation and analysis were performed by JP, ASL and AMR. The first draft of the manuscript was written by ASL, JP, AMR and RF, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.
Ethical approval
Not applicable.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
About this article
Cite this article
Pereira, J.L., Lopes, A.S., Silva, J. et al. Horizontal migration of zooplankton in lake–wetland interfaces. Can temperature-driven surface exchange flows modulate its patterns?. Aquat Sci 86, 29 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00027-024-01046-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00027-024-01046-1