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Hirsutism and Virilization
Hirsutism is the medical term that refers to the presence of excessive terminal (coarse) hair in androgen-sensitive areas of the female body (upper...
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Outcomes of one-stage feminizing genitoplasty in children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia and severe virilization
PurposeTo present our surgical experience and outcomes in congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) patients with severe virilization using a combined...
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Non-mosaic X monosomy (77,X) in a female dog with signs of virilization
A 14-month-old female Miniature Poodle dog with an enlarged clitoris and asymmetry in the placement of the teats was subjected to clinical,...
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Testosterone serum levels are not predictive of maternal virilization in hyperreactio luteinalis
BackgroundElevated concentrations of circulating testosterone are present in hyperreactio luteinalis (HL), a pregnancy-specific, self-limited...
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History Taking and Management of a Female Presenting with Hirsutism
Areas to focus on: polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), ovarian or adrenal tumors, virilization, and Cushing syndrome.
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Rare virilizing tumor: ovarian steroid cell tumor, not otherwise specified: a case report
BackgroundOvarian steroid cell tumors, not otherwise specified is a rare sex cord-stromal tumor. Almost 60% of all steroid cell tumors are...
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The Transgender: Endocrinological Assessment
Gender-affirming treatment for transgender people is characterized by a multidisciplinary approach in which the endocrinologist plays a crucial role....
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Estimation of Reference Values for External Genitalia Parameters in North Indian Preterm and Term Female Newborns
ObjectivesTo establish gestation-wise normative data of external genitalia measurements in North Indian term and preterm female newborns.
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Laparoscopic assisted removal of large ovarian mass causing precocious puberty in an infant—a case report
BackgroundSex cord and stromal tumors are a heterogeneous group of tumors that arise from gonadal sex cord cells, gonadal stromal cells, or both....
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Pubertal development in 46,XY patients with NR5A1 mutations
PurposeMutations in the NR5A1 gene, encoding the transcription factor Steroidogenic Factor-1, are associated with a highly variable genital...
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Adrenal carcinoma: a case report
BackgroundAdrenocortical carcinoma is a rare malignancy (0.5–2 cases/million/year) with a poor prognosis. Hypercortisolism, virilization, and...
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Puberty and Bone Health in Chronic Disease
Linear growth, onset of and progress through puberty are all adversely affected by chronic diseases during childhood and adolescence. Peak bone mass...
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Ovarian steroid cell tumors, not otherwise specified: analysis of nine cases with a literature review
BackgroundOvarian steroid cell tumors (SCTs), not otherwise specified (NOS), are rare, with few large studies. The purpose of this study was to...
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Postmenopausal onset of androgen excess: a diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm based on extensive clinical experience
PurposePostmenopausal hyperandrogenism is a rare condition that requires identifying those women bearing a life-threatening tumor. We aimed to study...
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Androgen insensitivity syndrome: a review
PurposeAndrogen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) is a disorder characterized by peripheral androgen resistance due to androgen receptor mutations in...
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Long-term Prophylaxis with Androgens in the management of Hereditary Angioedema (HAE) in emerging countries
Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a rare autosomal dominant genetic disease characterized by repetitive subcutaneous or submucosal angioedema,...
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Safety of gender affirming treatment in assigned female at birth transgender people and association of androgen and estrogen β receptor polymorphisms with clinical outcomes
PurposeGender affirming hormone treatment (GAHT) with androgens in assigned female at birth (AFAB) people with Gender Incongruence (GI) can induce...
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Sexual function of transgender assigned female at birth seeking gender affirming care: a narrative review
Sexual health is pivotal to the overall health and well-being of individuals. To date, transgender persons’ sexual function results to be poorly...
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Clinical, Laboratory, and Radiological Diagnosis of Hyperandrogenism
This chapter will review the clinical, laboratory, and radiologic evaluation of hyperandrogenism. We will discuss the common causes of androgen...
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Androgen Receptor in Health and Disease
Testosterone and 5α–dihydrotestosterone acting through the androgen receptor (AR) direct virilization of the male fetus during embryogenesis, and the...