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Text Difficulty Study: Do Machines Behave the Same as Humans Regarding Text Difficulty?
With the emergence of pre-trained models, current neural networks are able to give task performance that is comparable to humans. However, we know...
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Improvement of esophagojejunostomy technique after total gastrectomy with overlap method: reduce the difficulty of surgery and shorten operation time
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most malignant human cancers. Totally laparoscopic total gastrectomy (TLTG) is a difficult operation, especially...
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Three-dimensional visualization of the total mesorectal excision plane for dissection in rectal cancer surgery and its ability to predict surgical difficulty
Total mesorectal excision (TME) for rectal cancer is often technically challenging. We aimed to develop a method for three-dimensional (3D)...
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Exploring Item Difficulty Prediction: Data Driven Approach for Item Difficulty Estimation
This paper presents a comprehensive study of learning assessment, delving into the concept of item difficulty and learner perception. It addresses...
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The lack of Aha! experience can be dependent on the problem difficulty
Previous research on how problem-difficulty affects solution-types of insight-problems has yielded contradictory findings. Thus, we aimed to examine...
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Understanding Difficulty-Based Sample Weighting with a Universal Difficulty Measure
Sample weighting is widely used in deep learning. A large number of weighting methods essentially utilize the learning difficulty of training samples...
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The nature and difficulty of physical efforts
We make physical efforts when we swim, carry shop** bags, push heavy doors, or cycle up hills. A growing concern among philosophers and scientists...
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Automatic generation of difficulty maps for datasets using neural network
To select videos to compose a change detection dataset, we can consider the videos’ difficulty level. We need to use difficulty maps, which store...
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A study on the relationship between recreational physical activity and audiovisual difficulty for older adults
Audiovisual difficulty are especially common in older adults. Audiovisual difficulty seriously affect the quality of life of older adults in their...
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Mandibular third molar extraction: perceived surgical difficulty in relation to professional training
BackgroundEstablishing the level of surgical difficulty pre-operatively is an essential step in ensuring correct treatment planning. This study set...
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Seeking the real item difficulty: bias-corrected item difficulty and some consequences in Rasch and IRT modeling
When the response pattern in a test item deviates from the deterministic pattern, the percentage of correct answers ( p ) is shown to be a biased...
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Predicting the difficulty of EFL reading comprehension tests based on linguistic indices
Estimating the difficulty of reading tests is critical in second language education and assessment. This study was aimed at examining various text...
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The impact of repeated item development training on the prediction of medical faculty members’ item difficulty index
BackgroundItem difficulty plays a crucial role in assessing students’ understanding of the concept being tested. The difficulty of each item needs to...
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Predictors of technical difficulty for trainees in esophageal endoscopic submucosal dissection
BackgroundEsophageal endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is technically challenging, especially for trainees, and requires a safe training system....
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Expert consensus on difficulty assessment of endodontic therapy
Endodontic diseases are a kind of chronic infectious oral disease. Common endodontic treatment concepts are based on the removal of inflamed or...
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Preoperative evaluation to determine the difficulty of No. 6 lymphadenectomy in laparoscopic gastrectomy
BackgroundLaparoscopic gastrectomy (LG) requires a long learning curve because of the complicated surgical procedures. Infrapyloric (No. 6) lymph...
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Gallbladder perforation: Diagnostic accuracy of new CT difficulty score in predicting complicated laparoscopic cholecystectomy
PurposeTo formulate and evaluate the diagnostic performance and utility of a new CT difficulty score in predicting difficult laparoscopic surgery in...
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Lesion size affects the risk of technical difficulty in gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection
Current evidence shows an inter-country inconsistency in the effect of lesion size on the technical difficulty of gastric endoscopic submucosal...
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Measuring the prediction difficulty of individual cases in a dataset using machine learning
Different levels of prediction difficulty are one of the key factors that researchers encounter when applying machine learning to data. Although...
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Text-based Question Difficulty Prediction: A Systematic Review of Automatic Approaches
Designing and constructing pedagogical tests that contain items (i.e. questions) which measure various types of skills for different levels of...
