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Identification of volatile metabolites produced from levodopa metabolism by different bacteria strains of the gut microbiome
Interspecies pathways in the gut microbiome have been shown to metabolize levodopa, the primary treatment for Parkinson’s disease, and reduce its...
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S. cerevisiae K28 toxin – a secreted virus toxin of the A/B family of protein toxins
Since the initial discovery of toxin-secreting killer strains in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae more than 40 years ago, continuous research on...
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Cholera toxin: mechanisms of entry into host cells
Cholera toxin moves from the plasma membrane to the ER of host cells to cause disease. Trafficking in this pathway depends on toxin binding to...
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The Ustilago maydis killer toxins
Killer toxins are small proteins secreted by a number of fungi that are lethal to susceptible cells (generally fungi of the same or related species)....
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Diphtheria toxin, diphtheria-related fusion protein toxins, and the molecular mechanism of their action against eukaryotic cells
Diphtheria toxin remains one of the most successfully studied of the bacterial protein toxins. A detailed understanding of the structure function...
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Vertebrate Limb Regeneration
In this chapter, we have touched upon some of the key processes of vertebrate limb regeneration from the formation of the wound epithelium to pattern...
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Regenerative Capacity and the Develo** Immune System
Many components of the vertebrate immune system have evolved with dual, interrelated functions of both protecting injured tissues from infection and...
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Regeneration of Articular Cartilage
Loss of articular cartilage from the ends of bones forming diarthrodial joints can be the source of profound pain and disability, and eventually lead...
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Mammalian Fetal Organ Regeneration
The develo** fetus has the remarkable ability to heal dermal skin wounds by regenerating normal epidermis and dermis with restoration of the...
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Tissue Engineering Strategies for Bone Regeneration
Bone loss due to trauma or disease is an increasingly serious health problem. Current clinical treatments for critical-sized defects are problematic...
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Stem Cells in CNS and Cardiac Regeneration
The central nervous system (CNS) and the heart muscle regenerate poorly after injury, yet evidence is mounting that both harbor cells capable of...
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Gastrointestinal parasites of Wolffsohn’s viscacha (Chinchillidae: Lagidium wolffsohni), an endemic rodent species from the wild Patagonia
Parasites are ubiquitous in wildlife populations and have a profound impact on population dynamics. Interest in parasites of wildlife has increased...
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Production and Formulation of Adenovirus Vectors
Adenovirus vectors have attracted considerable interest over the past decade, with ongoing clinical development programs for applications ranging...
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Nonviral Delivery of Cancer Genetic Vaccines
The potential use of genetic vaccines to address numerous diseases including cancer is promising, but currently unrealized. Here, we review...
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Advanced Targeting Strategies for Murine Retroviral and Adeno-associated Viral Vectors
Targeted gene delivery involves broadening viral tropism to infect previously nonpermissive cells, replacing viral tropism to infect a target cell...
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Molecular Conjugates
Molecular conjugates are nanometer-sized entities consisting of synthetic materials (lipids, polycations, targeting agents, and so on) and nucleic...
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Simultaneous In Vivo Regeneration of Neodermis, Epidermis, and Basement Membrane
Full-thickness skin loss does not undergo complete spontaneous regeneration in mammals. To restore the normal function of skin, dermal and epidermal...
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Heart Valve Regeneration
The valves of the heart cannot regenerate spontaneously. Therefore, heart valve disease generally necessitates surgical repair or replacement of the...
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Ricin: structure, synthesis, and mode of action
Ricin is a lectin produced by the seeds of the Ricinus communis plant. It is potently toxic to mammalian cells, where it acts to inhibit the...