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Set-valued Data
Since fuzzy sets are generalizations of ordinary sets, we present in this Chapter the essentials of random set theory for statistics. This material...
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Modeling of Fuzzy Data
Fuzzy data are imprecise data obtained from measurements, perception or by interviewing people. Typically, those data are expressed in linguistic...
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Fuzzy Statistical Analysis and Estimation
In social science research, many decisions, evaluations, or purposes of evaluations are done by surveys or questionnaires to seek for people’s...
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Tests of Hypothesis: Means
In many expositions of fuzzy methods, fuzzy techniques are described as an alternative to a more traditional statistical approach. In this chapter,...
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Fuzzy Time Series Analysis and Forecasting
The problem of system modeling and identification has attracted considerable attention during the past decades mostly because of a large number of...
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Environmental Oxidative Stress – Environmental Sources of ROS
Environmental factors are known sources for oxidative stress. In consequence of the numerous influences that define our environment, environmental...
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Endogenous Oxidant-Generating Systems
Although organisms respiring air oxygen use their energy sources in an optimal way they are threatened by the compulsory formation of reactive oxygen...
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Low Molecular Weight Antioxidants
Low molecular weight antioxidants are an important part of the antioxidative defense mechanisms of cells and organisms. This chapter gives a short...
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Modulation of Cellular Signaling Processes by Reactive Oxygen Species
Exposure of cells to reactive oxygen species (ROS) may result not only in cell death by excessive oxidation of biomolecules but also cause the...
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Glutathione
Glutathione is the most abundant non-protein thiol in cells. It is a tripeptide with two important structural features: the thiol group and the...
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The Broad Spectrum of Responses to Oxidative Stress in Proliferating Cells
Proliferating mammalian cells exhibit a broad spectrum of responses to oxidative stress, depending on the stress level encountered. Very low levels...
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The Tail of Two Rivers in Tasmania: The Derwent and Huon Estuaries
The Derwent and Huon Rivers are two relatively small river systems in the southeast of Tasmania (Australia). They terminate in estuaries that are...
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The Sacca di Goro Lagoon and an Arm of the Po River
The Po di Volano canal–Sacca di Goro lagoon is a small hydrographic system partially located in the southern part of the Po River Delta. The total...
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Geochemistry of the Amazon Estuary
The Amazon River supplies more freshwater to the ocean than any other river in the world. This enormous volume of freshwater forces the estuarine...
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Conclusions
This conclusion completes one more review concerning the natural condition of the Caspian Sea and the principal trends of change in the second...
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Pollution of the Caspian Sea
The pollution of Caspian Sea waters and bottom sediments was described on the basis of long-term monitoring data from 1978 to 2004. It was shown...
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Physico-Geographical Conditions of the Caspian Sea
The main physico-geographical features of the Caspian Sea are under consideration. They include brief description of the coasts, bottom relief and...
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Economic and International Legal Dimensions
The Caspian Region has abundant hydrocarbon resources (oil and gas), as well as biological resources (fish), particularly the unique sturgeon,...
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Role of Particle Sorption Properties in the Behavior and Speciation of Trace Metals in Macrotidal Estuaries: The Cadmium Example
The role of particles in the fate and speciation of trace metals in macrotidal estuaries was studied using a surface complexation model (MOCO)....
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Introduction
The Caspian Sea, the largest enclosed basin on the planet, is distinguished by special natural conditions, contains rich natural resources...