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The Four–Dimensional Spacetime
Physics theories are made by building mathematical models that correspond to physical systems. General Relativity, the physical theory of...
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Boundary Conditions
Most Numerical Relativity simulations are devised to approximate the time evolution of the dynamical fields starting from data given on an initial...
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Magnetic Fields in Diffuse HI and Molecular Clouds
The diffuse interstellar HI is the matrix within which many molecular clouds reside and the medium that soaks up the energy injected by sources such...
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Stellar Magnetic Fields
Stellar magnetic fields are directly detected or inferred across the whole Hertzsprung--Russell Diagram. Attention in this chapter is concentrated on...
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Magnetic Fields in the Early Universe
A substantial magnetic field could conceivably have been generated in the ultra-early Universe. However, the relevant physics at those eras is very...
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Magnetic Fields in Galaxy Systems, Clusters and Beyond
The discovery of significant magnetic fields beyond our Milky Way was unwittingly made in the early 1950’s when new “discrete” cosmic radio sources...
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Magnetic Fields in Galaxies
Magnetic fields are a major agent in the interstellar medium. They contribute significantly to the total pressure which balances the gas disk against...
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Magnetic Fields in the Milky Way, Derived from Radio Continuum Observations and Faraday Rotation Studies
Magnetic fields are found everywhere in our Universe. We know that our Earth possesses a dipolar magnetic field. Magnetic fields have been observed...
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Mesoscale Magnetic Structures in Spiral Galaxies
Virtually all spiral galaxies host magnetic fields ordered at scales comparable to the galactic size (Beck et al., 1996; Beck, 2000, 2001)....
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Black Hole Simulations
The simplest Black Hole initial data can be obtained from the Schwarzschild line element. The “Schwarzschild coordinates” expression (1.54), can be...
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First Order Hyperbolic Systems
From the mathematical point of view, the mixed-type systems (first order in time, second order in space) that we have considered in the previous...
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The Evolution Formalism
The general covariant approach to General Relativity is not adapted to our experience from everyday life. The most intuitive concept is not that of...
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Free Evolution
As we mentioned in the previous chapter, the “free evolution” approach is by far the most commonly used today in Numerical Relativity codes. It...
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The Origin of Galactic Magnetic Fields
In 1949 Hiltner (1949) and Hall (1949) independently discovered the large-scale magnetic field embedded in the interstellar medium. Actually, they...
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Importance of Magnetic Helicity in Dynamos
Magnetic helicity is nearly conserved and its evolution equation provides a dynamical feedback on the alpha effect that is distinct from the...
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Numerical Magnetohydrodynamics in Astrophysics
Newtonian magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) is a very special limit of Maxwell’s equations and plasma dynamics. In the last 10 years, powerful numerical...
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Evolution of hadron therapy from 1935 to 2005: a personal view
IntroductionHadron therapy is today an established modality in cancer radiation therapy that, world-wide, is available in about hundred centres....
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Influence of uncertain coriolis parameter on wave solution of Korteweg-de Vries equation
This article examines the approximate solution of the Geophysical Korteweg-de Vries (GKdV) equation in a fuzzy environment. The Adomian decomposition...
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A discontinuous Galerkin/cohesive zone model approach for the computational modeling of fracture in geometrically exact slender beams
Slender beams are often employed as constituents in engineering materials and structures. Prior experiments on lattices of slender beams have...
