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MTBE in Lake Zurich
Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) is found in Lake Zurich at quite low concentrations between 40 ng L−1 in deep water or during the winter season,...
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Trends in Pesticide Transport into the River Rhine
The occurrence of relevant pesticides in the River Rhine and two of its tributaries is presented over a period of ten years. Trace determinations...
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Percolation Theory
Percolation describes properties related to the connectivity of large numbers of objects which individually have some spatial extent, and for which...
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Applications of the Cluster Statistics
This chapter presents a conceptually straightforward treatment of spatial correlations of “random” heterogeneous media, but does not intend to...
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Porous Media Primer for Physicists
During the 1980's physicists (and some geophysicists) devoted considerable efforts to understanding the physical (meaning here not hydraulic)...
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7 Entropy Production in Turbulent Mixing
We review the statement and application of a Maximum Entropy Production (MEP) principle for the modeling of turbulence. More specifically it applies...
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6 Cosmological and Biological Reproducibility: Limits on the Maximum Entropy Production Principle
The Maximum Entropy Production principle (MEP) seems to be restricted to reproducible dissipative structures. To apply it to cosmology and biology,...
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11 Entropy and the Sha** of the Landscape by Water
We explore applications of thermodynamics to hydrology, in particular the application of extremization principles to self-organized river networks....
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5 Using Ecology to Quantify Organization in Fluid Flows
Numerous applications of variational principles derived from physical thermodynamics have been made to the description of development in living...
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3 Early Life on Earth and Analogies to Mars
One of the prime necessities of life is liquid water [87]. The presence of liquid water on a planet therefore naturally leads to the question of...
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11 Impact Craters, Water and Microbial Life
Because of the lack of recent plate tectonics, the surface of Mars has abundant, well-preserved impact structures. Impact structures can localize...
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4 Hydrated Minerals on Mars
Hydrated minerals on Mars provide information about the aqueous history of the planet, which is an integral aspect of whether or not Mars was...
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1 The Origins of Martian Water: What We Can Learn from Meteorites
In 1877 telescopic observations of apparent lines on the Martian surface were interpreted by Giovanni Schiaparelli as resembling channels. Others,...
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Introduction
According to Ernst Haeckel, any detailed hypothesis whatever concerning the origin of life must, as yet, be considered worthless, because up till now...
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The Origin of Cell Boundaries and Metabolism
The wide gap between the properties of non-living phenomena and the simplest living forms cannot be explained without some intermediate stages...
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B Chronology of Definitions and Interpretations of Life
There are a large number of definitions and interpretations of life. The definitions presented here only serve a general bibliographic purpose as no...
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C Dictionary
Absolute life criteria. Traits that are present in all living systems (Szathmáry 2002) (see Potential life criteria).
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The Origin of Handedness
Some physical realities such as fluid vortices, certain molecular architectures, circularly polarized electromagnetic waves, screws and some...
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A Models and Theories of Life
A variety of numerical and chemical models have been proposed as analogies and simulators of the evolution and functioning of early life. Because...