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Reactions Induced in Natural Waters by Irradiation of Nitrate and Nitrite Ions
This review describes the reaction mechanisms of nitrate and nitrite ions, which play a role in the photochemical processes occurring in natural...
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Early Warning Strategies and Practices Along the River Rhine
In 1986, the International Commission for the Protection of the Rhine (ICPR) installed a Warning and Alarm Plan (WAP) in order to avert the dangers...
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Assessment of Organic Compounds in the Rhine Estuary
Over the past centuries the Rhine estuary has changed from a natural, hardly disturbed estuary into an anthropogenetically influenced area that...
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Water Quality of Lake Constance
Lake Constance is used as a drinking water reservoir for about 5 million people. Because of its glacial origin from the Alps, the amount of...
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Hydrology
The River Rhine is one of the major rivers of Europe -#8211; the only river that connects the Alps with the North Sea. It flows 1320 km from two...
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Natural and Artificial Radioactivity in the Rhine and Its Tributaries
Presently, natural and artificial radioactivity in the Rhine River does not present a radiological hazard to the population. On the contrary, the...
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Pollutants as Byproducts and Degradation Products of Chemical Syntheses
Byproducts of industrial organic syntheses are emitted with the wastewater into the River Rhine; in many cases they are polar and poorly...
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Pharmaceuticals in the River Rhine
Pharmaceuticals are introduced into the River Rhine mainly via wastewater and can be detected almost permanently in mixed samples taken over the...
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Occurrence, Fate and Relevance of Aminopolycarboxylate Chelating Agents in the Rhine Basin, Germany
Aminopolycarboxylates are used in many products and industrial applications because of their ability to form stable complexes with metal ions. The...
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Analysis, Occurrence, and Fate of Aromatic Sulfonates in the Rhine and Its Tributaries
An overview is given of the occurrence of aromatic sulfonates in the Rhine river and its tributaries. Since 1990, 25 different monomeric sulfonates...
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The Development of Water Protection Requirements from the Point of View of Waterworks, with Emphasis on 30 Years of the Memorandum of the International Association of Waterworks in the River Rhine Catchment Area (IAWR)
The International Association of Waterworks in the River Rhine Catchment Area (IAWR) defined water protection requirements for surface water that...
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3. Lessons from the History of Life
The discussion of life on other worlds is inevitably qualified by the phrase, “life as we know it.” This customary and appropriate caution among...
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8. Ideas of Exotic Forms of Life
Science and speculation have converged at the boundaries of human imagination to conceive of some very exotic states of matter and/or energy that...
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1. Introduction
Astrobiology studies the origin, evolution, distribution, and fate of life throughout the universe, with no direct evidence that life exists anywhere...
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13 Microbiology of Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents: Lessons for Mars Exploration
A large proportion of the Earth (70 %) is covered by seas and oceans. Oceanic waters below one kilometre depth constitute the deep-sea, which...
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6 Polar Caps
The permanent polar caps of Mars constitute the largest known reservoirs of H2O on the planet. The permanent caps are distinguished from the seasonal...
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8 Water Cycle in the Atmosphere and Shallow Subsurface
The global water cycle on Earth constitutes one of the most relevant components of the terrestrial ecosystem. While the vast majority of terrestrial...
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9 Polar Lakes, Streams, and Springs as Analogs for the Hydrological Cycle on Mars
The extensive fluvial features seen on the surface of Mars attest to the stable flow of water on that planet at some time in the past. However the...
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2 Atmospheric Evolution and the History of Water on Mars
The discovery of high concentrations of water-ice just below the Martian surface in polar areas by the Mars Odyssey spacecraft has strengthened the...
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