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PEGylation of Proteins as Tailored Chemistry for Optimized Bioconjugates
The high potential of peptides and proteins as therapeutic agents has not been fully exploited because of their common shortcomings: the only...
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Polymer Therapeutics for Cancer: Current Status and Future Challenges
Drug delivery systems for cancer therapeutics have revolutionized medicine. Delivery systems have improved the efficacy and reduced the toxicity of...
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Enzymatic Polymerization to Polysaccharides
Polysaccharides are formed by repeated glycosylations between a sugar donor and a sugar acceptor. This chapter reviews the in vitro synthesis of...
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Polymer Therapeutics: Polymers as Drugs, Drug and Protein Conjugates and Gene Delivery Systems: Past, Present and Future Opportunities
As the 21st century begins we are witnessing a paradigm shift in medical practice. Whereas the use of polymers in biomedical materials applications...
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Polypeptide and Polypeptide Hybrid Copolymer Synthesis via NCA Polymerization
This article summarizes recent developments in the synthesis of polypeptides and hybrid peptide copolymers. Traditional methods used to polymerize...
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Gene Delivery Using Polymer Therapeutics
The use of polymers as synthetic non-viral carriers for introducing nucleic acids into cells appears very appealing. Polymers can be generated in...
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Synthesis of Phenol Polymers Using Peroxidases
This chapter deals with the peroxidase-catalyzed polymerization of phenol and its derivatives. Such a polymerization needs an oxidation reagent,...
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Solution Properties of Polypeptide-based Copolymers
The aggregation behaviour of biomimetic polypeptide hybrid copolymers and copolypeptides is here reviewed with a particular eye on the occurrence...
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Nanostructured Devices Based on Block Copolymer Assemblies for Drug Delivery: Designing Structures for Enhanced Drug Function
Block copolymers spontaneously assemble into nanoscaled polymeric micelles, which have significant potential as drug carriers. Following much work...
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Impedimetric Detection of DNA Hybridization: Towards Near-Patient DNA Diagnostics
Immobilization strategies for the attachment of nucleotide probes to both microarrays and microfabricated interdigitated electrodes differ to...
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2. Definition of Life
The definition of life is a long-standing debate with no general scientific consensus to be expected any time soon. The underlying problem is that...
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4. Energy Sources and Life
An external energy source is a necessary condition for life, because living systems require a flow of energy to organize materials and maintain a low...
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5. Building Blocks of Life
Life is based on complex chemistry yet only a few of all the available elements participate in most life-supporting reactions on Earth: carbon,...
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Immobilization of DNA on Microarrays
Microarrays are new analytical devices that allow the parallel and simultaneous detection of thousands of target compounds. Microarrays, also...
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Immobilization of Nucleic Acids Using Biotin-Strept(avidin) Systems
There are several advantages for using biotin-streptavidin/avidin (strept(avi-din)) systems to immobilize nucleic acids and other molecules. These...
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Immobilization of Oligonucleotides for Biochemical Sensing by Self-Assembled Monolayers: Thiol-Organic Bonding on Gold and Silanization on Silica Surfaces
The covalent immobilization of biomolecules on surfaces is of great interest for many medical and bioanalytical applications. Currently, there is...
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Cholera toxin: mechanisms of entry into host cells
Cholera toxin moves from the plasma membrane to the ER of host cells to cause disease. Trafficking in this pathway depends on toxin binding to...
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The Ustilago maydis killer toxins
Killer toxins are small proteins secreted by a number of fungi that are lethal to susceptible cells (generally fungi of the same or related species)....
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The Construction and Operation of Anion Sensors: Current Status and Future Perspectives
This chapter is intended to provide an insight into the construction and operation of anion sensing devices, rather than the chemistry of anion...