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Introduction
The Caspian Sea, the largest enclosed basin on the planet, is distinguished by special natural conditions, contains rich natural resources... -
Pollution of the Caspian Sea
The pollution of Caspian Sea waters and bottom sediments was described on the basis of long-term monitoring data from 1978 to 2004. It was shown... -
Introduced Species
Five species of diatom algae, ten species of epiphyte-fouling algae, seven species of plankton invertebrates, 21 benthic organisms and three... -
Natural and Artificial Radioactivity in the Rhine and Its Tributaries
Presently, natural and artificial radioactivity in the Rhine River does not present a radiological hazard to the population. On the contrary, the... -
Early Warning Strategies and Practices Along the River Rhine
In 1986, the International Commission for the Protection of the Rhine (ICPR) installed a Warning and Alarm Plan (WAP) in order to avert the dangers... -
Economic and International Legal Dimensions
The Caspian Region has abundant hydrocarbon resources (oil and gas), as well as biological resources (fish), particularly the unique sturgeon,... -
Pharmaceuticals in the River Rhine
Pharmaceuticals are introduced into the River Rhine mainly via wastewater and can be detected almost permanently in mixed samples taken over the... -
Kara-Bogaz-Gol Bay
Kara-Bogaz-Gol Bay is a large lagoon east of the Caspian Sea and normally covers an area around 18000 km2 and is only a few meters deep. It is... -
Pollutants as Byproducts and Degradation Products of Chemical Syntheses
Byproducts of industrial organic syntheses are emitted with the wastewater into the River Rhine; in many cases they are polar and poorly... -
Water Quality of Lake Constance
Lake Constance is used as a drinking water reservoir for about 5 million people. Because of its glacial origin from the Alps, the amount of... -
Conclusions
This conclusion completes one more review concerning the natural condition of the Caspian Sea and the principal trends of change in the second... -
Hydrology
The River Rhine is one of the major rivers of Europe -#8211; the only river that connects the Alps with the North Sea. It flows 1320 km from two... -
Natural Chemistry of Caspian Sea Waters
Principal features of the natural chemistry of Caspian Sea waters are assessed: the salt(ionic) composition, dissolved oxygen, active reaction... -
Physico-Geographical Conditions of the Caspian Sea
The main physico-geographical features of the Caspian Sea are under consideration. They include brief description of the coasts, bottom relief and... -
Assessment of Organic Compounds in the Rhine Estuary
Over the past centuries the Rhine estuary has changed from a natural, hardly disturbed estuary into an anthropogenetically influenced area that... -
Aircraft Cabin Air Quality Trends Relative to Ground Level Standards
Aircraft cabin air quality has attracted much attention, summarized recently by a detailed examination and commentary by a U.S. National Academy of... -
Disruptive Behaviour (“Air Rage”): Possible Aetiology
The incidence of disruptive behaviour by passengers in civil aircraft is unknown due to under-reporting. The theoretical pathophysiology is... -
Human Physical Stresses at Normal and Abnormal Cabin Pressures
Atmospheric pressure is reduced as a function of altitude, thus making hypoxia, the condition of oxygen deficiency, a concern for aviation. The... -
Occupational and Public Health Risks
Symptoms reported by passengers and crewmembers on commercial aircraft are described according to individual air quality-related sources,... -
Effects of Multi-Scale Heterogeneity
It is generally agreed that problems with multi-scale heterogeneity present the biggest challenge to computation and understanding. A few such...