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Cholera toxin: mechanisms of entry into host cells
Cholera toxin moves from the plasma membrane to the ER of host cells to cause disease. Trafficking in this pathway depends on toxin binding to...
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The Ustilago maydis killer toxins
Killer toxins are small proteins secreted by a number of fungi that are lethal to susceptible cells (generally fungi of the same or related species)....
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Environmental Oxidative Stress – Environmental Sources of ROS
Environmental factors are known sources for oxidative stress. In consequence of the numerous influences that define our environment, environmental...
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Endogenous Oxidant-Generating Systems
Although organisms respiring air oxygen use their energy sources in an optimal way they are threatened by the compulsory formation of reactive oxygen...
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Low Molecular Weight Antioxidants
Low molecular weight antioxidants are an important part of the antioxidative defense mechanisms of cells and organisms. This chapter gives a short...
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Mediterranean Sea and Humans: Improving a Conflictual Partnership
Intense human activities in regions surrounding enclosed and semi-enclosed seas such as the Mediterranean produce, in the long range, a strong...
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The Mediterranean Mercury Anomaly, a Geochemical or a BiologocalIssue
This chapter deals with the distribution and speciation of mercury in the water column, sediment and biota of both the Western and Eastern Basins of...
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Satellite Observations as Indicators of the Mediterranean Sea’s Health
Satellite observations of the marine environment allow the assessment of optical, thermal and structural properties, which can be inferred from the...
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Nutrient, Oxygen and Carbon Ratios, CO2 Sequestrationand Anthropogenic Forcing in the Mediterranean Sea
The climate and the environment, together with present tectonic morphology, constitute main constraints for the Mediterranean Sea geochemistry. The...
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The Applications of Photocatalytic Waste Minimisation in Nuclear Fuel Processing
Nuclear fuel processing has two main waste management requirements: (1) the disposal of waste organic solvent (secondary waste) generated by...
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S. cerevisiae K28 toxin – a secreted virus toxin of the A/B family of protein toxins
Since the initial discovery of toxin-secreting killer strains in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae more than 40 years ago, continuous research on...
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Modulation of Cellular Signaling Processes by Reactive Oxygen Species
Exposure of cells to reactive oxygen species (ROS) may result not only in cell death by excessive oxidation of biomolecules but also cause the...
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Taxonomy and phylogenetic diversity among the yeasts
Yeasts are among the economically and scientifically most important eukaryotic microorganisms known. At present, there are 1,500 recognized species,...
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River Inputs of Metals and Arsenic
This chapter deals with the inputs of dissolved heavy metals and arsenic by rivers to the Mediterranean Sea. It is divided into three parts. The...
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Glutathione
Glutathione is the most abundant non-protein thiol in cells. It is a tripeptide with two important structural features: the thiol group and the...
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The Broad Spectrum of Responses to Oxidative Stress in Proliferating Cells
Proliferating mammalian cells exhibit a broad spectrum of responses to oxidative stress, depending on the stress level encountered. Very low levels...
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Diphtheria toxin, diphtheria-related fusion protein toxins, and the molecular mechanism of their action against eukaryotic cells
Diphtheria toxin remains one of the most successfully studied of the bacterial protein toxins. A detailed understanding of the structure function...
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Input of Various Chemicals Transported by Saharan Dust and Depositing atthe Sea Surface in the Mediterranean Sea
This paper reviews work on the role of Saharan dust as a contribution of various chemicals to the Mediterranean basin. Both the magnitude and the...
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Reactions Induced in Natural Waters by Irradiation of Nitrate and Nitrite Ions
This review describes the reaction mechanisms of nitrate and nitrite ions, which play a role in the photochemical processes occurring in natural...
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Cofactor Regeneration at the Lab Scale
Progress made in lab-scale applications of various coenzyme regeneration systems over the last two decades has mainly focused on the applications of...