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An ‘activator-repressor’ loop controls the anthocyanin biosynthesis in red-skinned pear
The color of red-skinned pear ( Pyrus spp.) is primarily attributed to accumulation of anthocyanins, which provide nutritional benefits for human...
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Cholera toxin: mechanisms of entry into host cells
Cholera toxin moves from the plasma membrane to the ER of host cells to cause disease. Trafficking in this pathway depends on toxin binding to...
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The Ustilago maydis killer toxins
Killer toxins are small proteins secreted by a number of fungi that are lethal to susceptible cells (generally fungi of the same or related species)....
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Biosynthesis and function of 1-methyladenosine in transfer RNA
Determining the function of single nucleotide modifications in tRNA has been elusive because so many tRNA modification enzymes are not essential for...
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Transfer RNA modifications and modifying enzymes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Transfer RNAs are adaptor molecules, which decode mRNA into protein and, thereby, play a central role in gene expression. During the maturation of a...
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Checkpoint and Coordinated Cellular Responses to DNA Damage
The DNA damage and replication checkpoints are signaling mechanisms that regulate and coordinate cellular responses to genotoxic conditions. The...
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Systems biology of apoptosis
New approaches are required for the mathematical modelling and system identification of complex signal transduction networks, which are characterized...
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S. cerevisiae K28 toxin – a secreted virus toxin of the A/B family of protein toxins
Since the initial discovery of toxin-secreting killer strains in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae more than 40 years ago, continuous research on...
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The biosynthesis and functional roles of methylated nucleosides in eukaryotic mRNA
Modified nucleosides are present in mRNA of all eukaryotes, albeit at much lower levels than in other RNA moieties such as rRNA, tRNA, and snRNA....
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Adenosine to inosine RNA editing in animal cells
Major advances in the understanding of adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADARs) have come from the generation of ADAR mutant animals. In mice,...
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Scientific and technical challenges for systems biology
Systems biology is an emergent discipline, yet can be rooted back almost a century when pioneering thoughts on system-oriented views were discussed....
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Regulation of S Phase
Regulation of DNA replication is critical for accurate and timely dissemination of genomic material to daughter cells. The cell uses a variety of...
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Functions of Rab GTPases in organelle biogenesis
Rab GTPases regulate diverse aspects of the biogenesis of secretory and endocytic organelles. The conformational changes that accompany GTP binding...
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Diphtheria toxin, diphtheria-related fusion protein toxins, and the molecular mechanism of their action against eukaryotic cells
Diphtheria toxin remains one of the most successfully studied of the bacterial protein toxins. A detailed understanding of the structure function...
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Introduction: Regulatory processes, an emerging feature in intracellular membrane traffic
The subject of this volume is the molecular mechanism of the intracellular membrane trafficking, a central eukaryotic cell biological process. In the...
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Control of Cell Proliferation and Growth by Myc Proteins
Myc proteins act as signal transducers that alter cell proliferation in dependence on signals from the extracellular environment. In normal cells,...
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The Retinoblastoma Gene Family in Cell Cycle Regulation and Suppression of Tumorigenesis
Since its discovery in 1986, as the first tumor suppressor gene, the retinoblastoma gene (Rb) has been extensively studied. Numerous biochemical and...
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Somatic and Zygotic Embryogenesis in Avocado
Avocado is a species widely cultivated for its highly nutritious fruit. Currently, soil-borne diseases such as Phytophthora root rot are severe...
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Genomic and Molecular Analyses of Transporters in the Male Gametophyte
The major events of male reproductive development and function have been known for years, but the molecular and cellular bases of these processes...
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Differential Gene Expression During Somatic Embryogenesis
Somatic embryogenesis is a complex developmental program in which somatic cells are induced for a commitment towards forming totipotent...