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Magnetic Fields in Galaxies
Magnetic fields are a major agent in the interstellar medium. They contribute significantly to the total pressure which balances the gas disk against...
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Magnetic Fields in Galaxy Systems, Clusters and Beyond
The discovery of significant magnetic fields beyond our Milky Way was unwittingly made in the early 1950’s when new “discrete” cosmic radio sources...
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Stellar Magnetic Fields
Stellar magnetic fields are directly detected or inferred across the whole Hertzsprung--Russell Diagram. Attention in this chapter is concentrated on...
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Magnetic Fields in Diffuse HI and Molecular Clouds
The diffuse interstellar HI is the matrix within which many molecular clouds reside and the medium that soaks up the energy injected by sources such...
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Magnetic Fields in the Early Universe
A substantial magnetic field could conceivably have been generated in the ultra-early Universe. However, the relevant physics at those eras is very...
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Searching the Trans-Neptunian Region
The Edgeworth-Kuiper-Belt is considered to be the remnant of the formation disk of the planetary system around the Sun. For about 8 years the...
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Introduction to Space Weather
Adverse space weather is one of the principal threats to modern human technology. Solar coronal mass ejections, large solar flares, and high-speed...
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1 An Introduction to the Physics of the Early Universe
We present an elementary introduction to the Early Universe. The basic features of the hot Big Bang are reviewed in the framework of the fundamental...
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Space Weather Effects in the Upper Atmosphere: Low and Middle Latitudes
In this chapter the space weather effects in the upper atmosphere are investigated. It is discussed how space weather affects satellites and radio...
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12 Microbial Life in Brines, Evaporites and Saline Sediments: The Search for Life on Mars
When water on a planet begins to evaporate the dissolved minerals become more concentrated, form a brine, eventually precipitating out of solution...
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5 Global Distribution of Subsurface Water Measured by Mars Odyssey
While the presence of water in minerals of the Martian surface has been known for many years and the storage of ground ice in the past and present...
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7 Brane-World Cosmology
According to recent ideas from particle physics, the universe could be a higher-dimensional spacetime, with our observable part of the universe being...
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Course 15: Observations of the High Energy $\gamma$ -Ray Universe
This article describes the nature and current status of observational programs studying astrophysical high energy...
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Course 1: Accretion and Ejection-Related MHD
This lecture is an introduction to MHD. Relevant equations, both in the classical and special-relativistic regimes are derived. The magnetic field...
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Course 7: Cosmic Rays and Particle Acceleration at Astrophysical Shocks
The acceleration of particles in the vicinity of astrophysical shocks has become the main paradigm in astrophysics for the production of cosmic rays...
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Course 12: Evolution of YSO Disks
As stars and planets form from accretion processes in disks, it is important to understand these processes and their evolutionary implications. While...
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Course 11: Accretion Signatures in Young Stellar Objects
Mass accretion onto the star is taken place in young stellar objects, providing the energy needed to power the excess emission observed at all...
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Course 8: The Black Hole Environments
Compact objects are astrophysical entities with radii smaller than about 10 Schwarzschild radii. The mass spectrum of these objects ranges from the...
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Course 13: X-Rays from YSOS: Desperately Seeking the Central Engine
The earliest stages of the evolution of low-mass stars are characterized by the presence of powerful jets, likely originating from accretion via...
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Course 6: Gamma-Ray Bursts
This lecture is an introduction to the study of gamma-ray bursts. Observations of the burst and its afterglow are first reviewed, with the...