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What does “brainstem death” mean? A review of international protocols
PurposeThe term “brainstem death” is ambiguous; it can be used to refer either exclusively to loss of function of the brainstem or loss of function...
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Quantitative brainstem and spinal MRI in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: implications for predicting noninvasive ventilation needs
BackgroundRespiratory complications resulting from motor neurons degeneration are the primary cause of death in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)....
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Proteomic analysis discovers potential biomarkers of early traumatic axonal injury in the brainstem
ObjectiveApplication of Tandem Mass Tags (TMT)-based LC–MS/MS analysis to screen for differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in traumatic axonal...
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Clinical outcome, radiological findings, and genetic features of IDH-mutant brainstem glioma in adults
BackgroundWith the recent advent of genetic testing, IDH-mutant glioma has been found among adult brainstem gliomas. However, the clinical outcome...
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Infratentorial brain injury and death by neurologic criteria in Canada: a narrative review
There are two anatomic formulations of death by neurologic criteria accepted worldwide: whole-brain death and brainstem death. As part of the...
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Intrinsic epidermoid cyst of the brainstem in children—review and case report
PurposeThe study aimed to summarize all published cases of intrinsic brainstem epidermoid cysts in a timeline to highlight the specific...
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A Rare Cervical Adeno-Carcinomatous Solitary Metastatic Brainstem Lesion Case Report
We present a rare case report of cervical adenocarcinoma presenting with intracranial spread to the brain stem. To our knowledge, this is the first...
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Altered maturation in brainstem neural conduction in very premature babies with fetal growth restriction
BackgroundUsing maximum length sequence brainstem auditory evoked response (MLS BAER) to study brainstem neural conduction and maturation in fetal...
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New developments in guidelines for brain death/death by neurological criteria
The declaration of brain death (BD), or death by neurological criteria (DNC), is medically and legally accepted throughout much of the world....
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Tacrolimus-associated neurotoxicity isolated to the brainstem: two illustrative cases and a systematic review of the literature
IntroductionTacrolimus-associated neurotoxicity (TAN) manifests with wide clinical spectrum, ranging from mild tremors to severe encephalopathy. The...
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Fully endoscopic approach for resection of brainstem cavernous malformations: a systematic review of the literature
BackgroundBrainstem cavernous malformations (BCMs) are benign lesions that typically have an acute onset and are associated with a high rate of...
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Long-term functional outcomes and complications of microsurgical resection of brainstem cavernous malformations: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Brainstem cavernous malformations (CMs) encompass up to 20% of all intracranial CMs and are considered more aggressive than cerebral CMs because of...
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Roles and outcomes of stereotactic biopsy for adult patients with brainstem lesion
PurposeThis study aimed to assess the benefit-risk ratio by determining diagnostic yield and safety of brainstem biopsies in adult patients. The...
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Liquid biopsy guides successful molecular targeted therapy of an inoperable pediatric brainstem neoplasm
Midline CNS tumors are occasionally inaccessible for surgical biopsies. In these instances, cell-free DNA (cfDNA) may serve as a viable alternative...
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The reticular activating system: a narrative review of discovery, evolving understanding, and relevance to current formulations of brain death
A series of landmark experiments conducted throughout the 20 th century progressively localized the regions involved in consciousness to the reticular...
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Gastrointestinal Motility Disorders Correlate with Intracranial Bleeding, Opioid Use, and Brainstem Edema in Neurosurgical Patients
BackgroundGastrointestinal (GI) motility disorders may be directly associated with the intensity of acute brain injury, edema of the brainstem, and...
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Endoscope-assisted resection of brainstem cavernous malformations
Targeted surgical precision and minimally invasive techniques are of utmost importance for resectioning cavernous malformations involving the...
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Brain death: a review
BackgroundTo date, the recognized medical criteria for BD/DNC (brain death/death according to neurological criteria) in the USA (United States of...
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Exploration of the prognostic value of the resection of adult brainstem high-grade glioma based on competing risk model, propensity score matching, and conditional survival rate
BackgroundAdult brainstem high-grade glioma (HGG) is a refractory disease, and the treatment strategy of resection is still controversial.
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Lack of mitochondrial complex I assembly factor NDUFAF2 results in a distinctive infantile-onset brainstem neurodegenerative disease with early lethality
BackgroundCongenital disorders of the mitochondrial respiratory chain are a heterogeneous group of inborn errors of metabolism. Among them,...
