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Treatment effect heterogeneity following type 2 diabetes treatment with GLP1-receptor agonists and SGLT2-inhibitors: a systematic review
BackgroundA precision medicine approach in type 2 diabetes requires the identification of clinical and biological features that are reproducibly...
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Performance metrics for models designed to predict treatment effect
BackgroundMeasuring the performance of models that predict individualized treatment effect is challenging because the outcomes of two alternative...
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Quantifying and reducing inequity in average treatment effect estimation
BackgroundAcross studies of average treatment effects, some population subgroups consistently have lower representation than others which can lead to...
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Late adverse events in patients with pelvic cancer after oncologic treatment—intervention and treatment effect
PurposeFew studies have focused on the late adverse events after oncologic treatment in pelvic cancer patients. Here, the treatment...
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A Tutorial Introduction to Heterogeneous Treatment Effect Estimation with Meta-learners
Psychotherapy has been proven to be effective on average, though patients respond very differently to treatment. Understanding which characteristics...
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Assessing the properties of patient-specific treatment effect estimates from causal forest algorithms under essential heterogeneity
BackgroundTreatment variation from observational data has been used to estimate patient-specific treatment effects. Causal Forest Algorithms (CFAs) ...
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Learning about treatment effects in a new target population under transportability assumptions for relative effect measures
Investigators often believe that relative effect measures conditional on covariates, such as risk ratios and mean ratios, are “transportable” across...
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Treatment effect estimation using the propensity score in clinical trials with historical control
BackgroundClinical trials assessing new treatment effects require a control group to compare the pure treatment effects. However, in clinical trials...
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Effect of the duration of previous osteoporosis treatment on the effect of romosozumab treatment
SummaryThe effect of romosozumab is affected by previous osteoporosis treatment. Here we showed that the duration of the previous treatment just...
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Quantified treatment effect at the individual level is more indicative for personalized radical prostatectomy recommendation: implications for prostate cancer treatment using deep learning
BackgroundThere are potential uncertainties and overtreatment existing in radical prostatectomy (RP) for prostate cancer (PCa) patients, thus...
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A standardized framework for risk-based assessment of treatment effect heterogeneity in observational healthcare databases
Treatment effects are often anticipated to vary across groups of patients with different baseline risk. The Predictive Approaches to Treatment Effect...
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Effect of early antibiotic treatment strategy on prognosis of acute pancreatitis
BackgroundAntibiotic use in the early stages of acute pancreatitis is controversial. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of early...
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Surgical treatment for obstructive sleep apnea: effect on sleep architecture
PurposeInvestigate the effect of surgical treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSA) on sleep architecture.
MethodsObservational...
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The effect of fertility treatment and socioeconomic status on neonatal and post-neonatal mortality in the United States
ObjectiveTo determine the association between fertility treatment, socioeconomic status (SES), and neonatal and post-neonatal mortality.
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The effect of duloxetine on female sexual functions in the treatment of stress incontinence
ObjectivesStress urinary incontinence (SUI) is defined as urinary incontinence that occurs with coughing, sneezing, and physical exercise. It is...
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The beneficial effect of prophylactic hydrocortisone treatment in extremely preterm infants improves upon adjustment of the baseline characteristics
BackgroundProphylactic low-dose hydrocortisone (HC) was found to improve survival without bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in extremely preterm...
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Effect size varies based on calculation method and may affect interpretation of treatment effect: an illustration using randomised clinical trials in osteoarthritis
BackgroundTo illustrate how (standardised) effect sizes (ES) vary based on calculation method and to provide considerations for improved reporting.
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Disentangling the Therapist Effect: Clustering Therapists by Using Different Treatment Outcomes
Previous studies have shown that therapists’ performance varies, known as therapist effects, and have indicated that therapists who excel in one...
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Paradoxical effect of anti-inflammatory drugs on IL-6 mRNA expression in patients with PTSD during treatment
The pathophysiology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with the activation of the innate immune system, including cytokines like...
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An improved multiply robust estimator for the average treatment effect
BackgroundIn observational studies, double robust or multiply robust (MR) approaches provide more protection from model misspecification than the...