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Evolution of nuptial gifts and its coevolutionary dynamics with male-like persistence traits of females for multiple mating
BackgroundMany male animals donate nutritive materials during courtship or mating to their female mates. Donation of large-sized gifts, though costly...
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Insect–Plant Interactions and Role of Secondary Metabolites
The chapters open with theories of insect–plant association where several theories were discussed. A flow chart of coevolution of plants and insects...
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Why does an obligate autogamous orchid produce insect attractants in nectar? – a case study on Epipactis albensis (Orchidaceae)
BackgroundThe flowers of some species of orchids produce nectar as a reward for pollination, the process of transferring pollen from flower to...
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When THAT Exception Persists Almost as THAT Exception
We present the counterpart to Chap. 4 in Chap. 5 , where we...
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Progress and Prospect of Orchid Breeding: An Overview
Orchids are valuable plants in the global floricultural market due to their unique flower structure, attractive flower colors, and long flower life....
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The Role of DNA Profiling in Landscape of Human Migration
Human migration in general and forced human migration in particular is an increasing problem worldwide. The significant number of people involved in...
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Analysis of Variance (Anova)
Data with a continuous outcome and a categorical predictor can be analyzed either with multiple linear regression or with one way Anova (analysis of...
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“Semiotic Canalization”: a Process Directing the Use and Interpretation of Signals in Animal Interactions?
C. S. Peirce defined the sign as a means to communicate a form or habit embodied in the object to the interpretant, thus constraining (through a...
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Pollination and Pollinators of Spice Crops
Pollination is often taken for granted and is considered as a free service, though it is an important regulatory ecosystem service and is fundamental...
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Embryological studies in Thinouia mucronata and Serjania meridionalis (Paullinieae, Sapindaceae): development of gametophytes in both floral morphs and its phylogenetic implications
The tribe Paullinieae is distinguished by a monoecious reproductive system; it exhibits two floral morphs, namely staminate flowers, with gynoecium...
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Stellaria or Stregonia Stone. About Some Corals in Folklore and Science
With the broad term corals, we commonly mean exclusively marine organisms with a calcareous skeleton, more or less arborescent, usually red or white,...
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Convergent evolution of sexual deception via chromatic and achromatic contrast rather than colour mimicry
The Orchidaceae is characterised by the repeated evolution of sexual deception, one of the most specialised pollination strategies. In orchids,...
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Antarctic Fur Seal (Arctocephalus gazella, Peters 1875)
The Antarctic fur seal lives south of the Antarctic Polar Front and has never been reported breeding in Latin America. Individuals encountered...
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Risks Associated with the Ocean
The ocean not only brings benefits to society but is also a source of risks. These include risks to human health and to the safety of life and...
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Reading Genetic Material
In 1975, the British biochemist Frederick Sanger published an enzymatic method, and in 1977 the US scientists Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert...
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Evolution and development of three highly specialized floral structures of bee-pollinated Phalaenopsis species
BackgroundVariation in shape and size of many floral organs is related to pollinators. Evolution of such organs is driven by duplication and...
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Intersexual mimicry and flowering phenology facilitate pollination in a dioecious habitat specialist species, Myristica fatua (Myristicaceae)
Myristica fatua is a dioecious specialist species restricted to the endangered, freshwater Myristica swamp forests in the Western Ghats, India....
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Integrative Neurobiology of Social Behavior in Cichlid Fish
Social behavior encompasses the interactions between individuals of the same species, fundamental to their survival and reproduction. The study of...