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Ophthalmology of Gruiformes and Aequorlitonithes: Flighted Seabirds & Relatives
Water birds, aquatic birds, and semiaquatic birds are terms generally used to refer to birds that live on or around water but do not strictly...
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The Anatomy and Physiology of Laboratory Rat
The laboratory rat is commonly used as an experimental model in biomedical research. Characteristics such as short life span, ease of breeding, short...
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The Anatomy, Physiology, and Husbandry of Laboratory Rabbit
The laboratory rabbit has a special place in different scientific studies due to some of its unique anatomical and physiological features. The...
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The Anatomy and Physiology of Laboratory Mouse
Among the different types of vertebrate and invertebrate animals used in biomedical research, the laboratory mouse is the widely used vertebrate...
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Lipids in Porcupine Quills as Putative Sources of Communicatory Signals
Specialized scent glands associated with modified epidermal hairs such as quills and spines serve as a putative source of pheromone in many mammals....
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Does the Rabbit Mammary Pheromone Attract Newborns to Maternal Faeces? A New Potential Function of the Suckling Chemosignal
The ‘mammary pheromone’ (2-methyl-but-2-enal, 2MB2-al) regulates the interactions between rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) females and their newborn...
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Impact of light stimulation during incubation on hatching traits and post-hatch performance of commercial broilers
Light in terms of photo- and scoto-periods is the key ambient factor affecting the physiology of birds through establishing normal biological clock...
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Necropsy Procedures for Laboratory Animals
Necropsy is the ultimate diagnostic destiny of most of the experimental animals. Necropsy is the systematic dissection of an animal after death, to...
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Protocol paper: kainic acid excitotoxicity-induced spinal cord injury paraplegia in Sprague–Dawley rats
BackgroundExcitotoxicity-induced in vivo injury models are vital to reflect the pathophysiological features of acute spinal cord injury (SCI) in...
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Development of the squamate naso-palatal complex: detailed 3D analysis of the vomeronasal organ and nasal cavity in the brown anole Anolis sagrei (Squamata: Iguania)
BackgroundDespite the diverse morphology of the adult squamate naso-palatal complex – consisting of the nasal cavity, vomeronasal organ (VNO),...
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Ophthalmology of Tylopoda: Camels, Alpacas, Llamas, Vicunas, and Guanacos
The family Camelidae comprises the only extant members of the suborder Tylopoda and includes the Afro-Asian and South American camelid species. The...
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Intravenous Injection
In general, intravenous injection is to deliver a drug in the systemic blood circulation. In most cases, there is no particular requirement to use a...
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Nervous System
The nervous system of birds is comparable in most respects to that of mammals, including relatively large brains. The central and peripheral nervous...
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Melanocortin 5 receptor signaling pathway in health and disease
Melanocortin hormone system plays a key role in maintaining the homeostasis of our body via their neuro-immune-endocrine activities and regulates a...
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Unveiling diversity under the skin: comparative morphology study of the cephalic glands in threadsnakes (Serpentes: Leptotyphlopidae: Epictinae)
The subfamily Epictinae contains about 75 currently recognized species of strictly fossorial snakes distributed along the Neotropics (subtribe...
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European Hare Lepus europaeus Pallas, 1778
This comprehensive species-specific chapter covers all aspects of the mammalian biology, including paleontology, physiology, genetics, reproduction...
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Ophthalmology of Marsupials: Opossums, Koalas, Kangaroos, Bandicoots, and Relatives
Marsupials are members of the mammalian infraclass “Marsupialia” and are characterized by the presence of a marsupium (or “pouch”) on the dam’s...
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Ophthalmology of Mustelidae: Otters, Ferrets, Skunks, Raccoons, and Relatives
The Musteloidea superfamily of carnivoran mammals consists of the families Ailuridae (red pandas), Mustelidae (mustelids: weasels, otters, martens,...
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Ophthalmology of Accipitrimorphae, Strigidae, and Falconidae: Hawks, Eagles, Vultures, Owls, Falcons, and Relatives
Birds of prey, also collectively known as raptors, consist of the Falconiformes (falcons and caracaras), Accipitriformes (eagles, buzzards, hawks,...
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Case report of respiratory aspergillosis and candidiasis in wild Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus), Brazil
Magellanic penguins ( Spheniscus magellanicus ) migrate to the continental shelf of southern-southeastern Brazil during austral winter. Stranded...
