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Development, Occurrence and Regulationof Antifouling Paint Biocides: Historical Review and Future Trends
Antifouling agents have been used on ships since the ancient Roman and Greek civilizations. A brief history is provided through to the demise of...
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Worldwide Occurrence of Organotins from Antifouling Paints and Effects in the Aquatic Environment
Organotins belong to the most toxic pollutants for aquatic life known so far. Widespread contamination of harbors and areas with high ship**...
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Antifouling Paint Booster Biocides: Occurrence and Partitioning in Water and Sediments
Following the ban on the use of tributyltin (TBT) in antifouling, several organic booster biocides have been used in conjunction with copper in...
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New Trends in Sample Preparation Methods for the Determination of Organotin Compounds in Marine Matrices
Tributyltin still remains a major issue for the marine environment and its determination is mandatory by legislation in several countries. As for...
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Present Status of Antifouling Systems in Japan: Tributyltin Substitutes in Japan
An international conference held by the International Maritime Organization in October 2001 adopted an “International convention on the control of...
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Aircraft Cabin Air Quality Trends Relative to Ground Level Standards
Aircraft cabin air quality has attracted much attention, summarized recently by a detailed examination and commentary by a U.S. National Academy of...
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Disruptive Behaviour (“Air Rage”): Possible Aetiology
The incidence of disruptive behaviour by passengers in civil aircraft is unknown due to under-reporting. The theoretical pathophysiology is...
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Human Physical Stresses at Normal and Abnormal Cabin Pressures
Atmospheric pressure is reduced as a function of altitude, thus making hypoxia, the condition of oxygen deficiency, a concern for aviation. The...
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Occupational and Public Health Risks
Symptoms reported by passengers and crewmembers on commercial aircraft are described according to individual air quality-related sources,...
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Biomass Smoke and Health Risks – The Situation in Develo** Countries
About half of the world’s population relies on traditional fuels such as biomass (wood, agricultural residues, animal dung and charcoal) as the...
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Indoor Air Pollution by Microorganisms and Their Metabolites
Microbial damage in indoor areas is caused most frequently by molds and bacteria. These microorganisms have a very important role in the...
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Sources and Impacts of Pesticides in Indoor Environments
Indoor contamination is one source of exposure to toxic pollutants and has been classified as a high environmental risk. Epidemiological research...
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Intercontinental Transport of Air Pollution: An Introduction
This chapter introduces the reader to the topic of intercontinental air pollution transport. It starts by describing how air pollution problems...
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Long Range Transport of Air Pollution to the Arctic
Transport of air pollution to the Arctic is reviewed with emphasis on what has been measured. General atmospheric circulation patterns especially...
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Prospects for International Management of Intercontinental Air Pollution Transport
The recognition of the intercontinental transport of air pollution continues a historic trend towards greater awareness and management of air...
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Numerical Modelling of Long-Range Pollution Transport
A quantitative understanding of long-range transport of air pollution involves several aspects from different science areas: emissions of ozone...
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Chemistry and Fate of Organotin Antifouling Biocides in the Environment
Organotin antifouling paints are degraded relatively rapidly in seawater mainly by microorganisms, but they have high affinities to sediment and...
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Toxicity and Preliminary Risk Assessment of Alternative Antifouling Biocides to Aquatic Organisms
Published literature has been reviewed regarding the toxicity of representative alternative antifouling biocides (Chlorothalonil, Dichlofluanid,...
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Aircraft Environmental Control Systems
The external environment at 41000 ft (12500 m), a typical cruise altitude for modern civil aircraft, is hostile to human life. Aircraft...
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Aircraft Air Quality Malfunction Incidents: Design, Servicing, and Policy Measures to Decrease Frequency and Severity of Toxic Events
Aircraft air supply contamination from leaking oil and hydraulic fluids has a long history in commercial aviation. There is a wide range of...