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Insecticide Use in Occupied Areas of Aircraft
Insecticides are applied in the aircraft cabin for four key reasons: (1) to comply with foreign quarantine regulations applicable to certain...
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Air Travel and Thrombosis
A deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is essentially the formation of a clot in the veins of the leg. This causes obstruction to the normal flow of blood...
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Aircraft Air Quality Malfunction Incidents: Causation, Regulatory, Reporting and Rates
The issue of aircraft air contamination due to oils and hydraulic fluids leaking into the aircraft air supply is a known problem in the aviation...
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Aircraft Air Quality Incidents, Symptoms, Exposures and Possible Solutions
Although air quality incidents in aircraft occur at low frequencies, ranging from 1 per 10000 flights to 3.8 per 1000 flights depending on aircraft...
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Airplanes and Infectious Disease
Air travel is associated with crowded conditions that can facilitate the transmission of airborne infectious diseases. The risk of contracting...
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Crew Effects from Toxic Exposures on Aircraft
The cabin of an airplane is a specialised working environment and should be considered as such. The oils and hydraulics used in airplane engines...
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Air Quality Systems for Related Enclosed Spaces: Spacecraft Air
Air quality in the small, closed environment of a spacecraft cabin is always a critical matter for the safety, health, and comfort of the crew. The...
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Export of Air Pollution from Southern Asia and its Large-Scale Effects
Southern Asia is one of the most heavily populated regions of the world. In contrast to much of the rest of the world, biofuel and biomass burning...
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Intercontinental Transport of Ozone from Tropical Biomass Burning
Photochemically reactive gases released by fires (e.g., NO, CO, hydrocarbons) interact as they do in an urban environment to form ozone. There has...
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Indoor Particles, Combustion Products and Fibres
Pollutants in an indoor environment are a complex mixture of gases, vapours and particles in either the liquid or the solid phase, suspended in the...
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Air Pollution Export from and Import to Europe: Experimental Evidence
The intercontinental transport of air pollutants from and to Europe is described in detail. The major focus is on the import of air pollution from...
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Sensory Evaluation of Indoor Air Pollution Sources
The basic biological principles of the perception mechanisms for odour and irritants are fairly well understood. Much more uncertain is how these...
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Air Pollution Export from and Import to North America: Experimental Evidence
North America (Canada and the USA) contains only 5% of the world’s population but accounts for 15–23% of the world’s emissions in terms of trace...
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Automobile, Bus, and Rail Passenger Air Quality
Concentrations of pollutants emitted in the exhaust of gasoline and diesel engines and from evaporation of fuels -- (e.g. CO, CO2, NO...
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Microbial Contamination in Airplane Cabins:Health Effects and Remediation
Microorganisms that affect human health are found in all indoor environments, including cabins of commercial aircraft. Those that arise from human...
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Submarine Atmospheres
Atmosphere control in submarines has developed to meet the operational requirements. Until the end of WWII submarines were primarily...
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Aircraft Cabin Indoor Air Environment Requirements
The purpose of heating or cooling systems is to provide an acceptable microclimate and maintain suitable conditions for the intended use of the...
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Aircraft Cabin Air Filtration and Related Technologies:Requirements, Present Practice and Prospects
Aircraft cabin air being supplied from the engines or APU is known to occasionally be contaminated with hydraulic fluids, engine oils, and...
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Indoor Air Quality on Passenger Ships
Generally, shipboard air quality problems are not severe in comparison to those in many homes and offices. However, a number of problems have been...
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Evaluation of Antifouling Booster Biocides in Marine Water and Sediments Based on Mass Spectrometric Techniques
This chapter outlines the stages involved in chemical analysis of antifouling booster biocides, reviews the sample preparation strategies and the...