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Evaluation of precipitation products in a Brazilian watershed: Tocantins-Araguaia watershed case study
Precipitation plays a vital role in various fields, including hydroclimatic modeling, climate change studies, agricultural optimization, and water...
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The Magnitude Threshold and Missing and Pseudo Links in Markov Chains
A crisp step function is not an adequate threshold for studies of Markovian occurrence of large earthquakes, because it can lead to missing or pseudo...
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Introduction
The Caspian Sea, the largest enclosed basin on the planet, is distinguished by special natural conditions, contains rich natural resources...
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Pollution of the Caspian Sea
The pollution of Caspian Sea waters and bottom sediments was described on the basis of long-term monitoring data from 1978 to 2004. It was shown...
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Introduced Species
Five species of diatom algae, ten species of epiphyte-fouling algae, seven species of plankton invertebrates, 21 benthic organisms and three...
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Natural and Artificial Radioactivity in the Rhine and Its Tributaries
Presently, natural and artificial radioactivity in the Rhine River does not present a radiological hazard to the population. On the contrary, the...
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Early Warning Strategies and Practices Along the River Rhine
In 1986, the International Commission for the Protection of the Rhine (ICPR) installed a Warning and Alarm Plan (WAP) in order to avert the dangers...
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Economic and International Legal Dimensions
The Caspian Region has abundant hydrocarbon resources (oil and gas), as well as biological resources (fish), particularly the unique sturgeon,...
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Pharmaceuticals in the River Rhine
Pharmaceuticals are introduced into the River Rhine mainly via wastewater and can be detected almost permanently in mixed samples taken over the...
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Kara-Bogaz-Gol Bay
Kara-Bogaz-Gol Bay is a large lagoon east of the Caspian Sea and normally covers an area around 18000 km2 and is only a few meters deep. It is...
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Pollutants as Byproducts and Degradation Products of Chemical Syntheses
Byproducts of industrial organic syntheses are emitted with the wastewater into the River Rhine; in many cases they are polar and poorly...
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Water Quality of Lake Constance
Lake Constance is used as a drinking water reservoir for about 5 million people. Because of its glacial origin from the Alps, the amount of...
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Conclusions
This conclusion completes one more review concerning the natural condition of the Caspian Sea and the principal trends of change in the second...
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Hydrology
The River Rhine is one of the major rivers of Europe -#8211; the only river that connects the Alps with the North Sea. It flows 1320 km from two...
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Natural Chemistry of Caspian Sea Waters
Principal features of the natural chemistry of Caspian Sea waters are assessed: the salt(ionic) composition, dissolved oxygen, active reaction...
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Physico-Geographical Conditions of the Caspian Sea
The main physico-geographical features of the Caspian Sea are under consideration. They include brief description of the coasts, bottom relief and...
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Assessment of Organic Compounds in the Rhine Estuary
Over the past centuries the Rhine estuary has changed from a natural, hardly disturbed estuary into an anthropogenetically influenced area that...
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An Earthquake Early Warning System for the Romanian Capital
Although earthquake early warning systems have inherently short warning times between seconds and a minute they become increasingly important as part...
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Small-Scale Mantle Plumes: Imaging and Geodynamic Aspects
Columnar, upwelling masses of hot rock in the Earth’s mantle, called mantle plumes, are spectacular features of our planet because they supply the...
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Nonlinear Seismology - The Seismology of the XXI Century
Nonlinear effects in ground motion during large earthquakes have been a long controversial issue between seismologists and geotechnical engineers....