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Inhibition of Serotonin Reuptake in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex during Acquisition of a Condition Reflex Fear Reaction Promotes Formation of Generalized Fear
Intracerebral microdialysis studies of Sprague–Dawley rats showed that acquisition of a conditioned reflex fear reaction (combination of a...
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Effects of Microinjections of a Serotonin Receptor (5-HT2A/C) Agonist and Antagonist into the Amygdala in Rats on Anxiety Behavior and Conditioned Reflex Fear
The role of 5-HT 2A/C receptors in the amygdala in the acquisition, testing, and extinction of conditioned reflex fear and on anxiety behavior was...
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Fear Extinction as a Psychologist Views It
Fear extinction is a topic of central importance in translational neuroscience. It integrates knowledge from various disciplines, including clinical...
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Conditioned Reflex Reactions in High-Impulsivity Rats Are Weaker than Those in Low-Impulsivity Animals
The delay discounting procedure was used to classify rats into high-impulsivity (preferring low-value immediate food reinforcement) and...
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The interaction between hippocampal cholinergic and nitrergic neurotransmission coordinates NMDA-dependent behavior and autonomic changes induced by contextual fear retrieval
RationaleRe-exposing an animal to an environment previously paired with an aversive stimulus evokes large alterations in behavioral and...
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Beyond Fear, Extinction, and Freezing: Strategies for Improving the Translational Value of Animal Conditioning Research
Translational neuroscience for anxiety has had limited success despite great progress in understanding the neurobiology of Pavlovian fear...
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Generalization of Contextual Fear Depends on the Activity of the Serotonin System of the Medial Prefrontal Cortex
The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is involved in regulating fear generalization. We have previously shown that the formation of generalized fear in...
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Nitric Oxide Is Required for Labilization (destabilization) of Contextual Memory in Rats
It is well known that nitric oxide (NO) is involved in forming signal memory for stimulation of different modalities. We studied the involvement of...
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Single-Session Training to Conditioned Reflex Freezing to Odor in Mice: A New Behavioral Model for Studies of the Cellular Mechanisms of the Formation and Extraction of Olfactory Memory
Olfactory memory is one of the most ancient cognitive systems in the mammal brain and has its own neural structures and mechanisms. Most behavioral...
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Effects of Decreases in Dopamine (D1 and D2) Receptor Expression in the Basolateral Amygdala of Rats on Conditioned Defensive Reflexes
RNA interference studies using lentivirus transduction were performed to investigate the effects of decreased expression of dopamine receptors (D1R...
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Activity of the Serotonin System of the Prefrontal Cortex in Rats with High and Low Level of Contextual Fear Generalization
Intracerebral microdialysis studies in rats showed that acquisition of a conditioned fear reaction (combination of conditioned sound signal with pain...
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Allosteric inhibition of phosphodiesterase 4D induces biphasic memory-enhancing effects associated with learning-activated signaling pathways
RationalePhosphodiesterase 4D negative allosteric modulators (PDE4D NAMs) enhance memory and cognitive function in animal models without emetic-like...
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Contribution of Epigenetic Mechanisms to the Formation, Maintenance, and Reconsolidation of a Long-Term Food-Related Aversive Memory in Terrestrial Snails
The study reported here analyzed the role of epigenetic mechanisms (histone acetylation, DNA methylation, and histone serotonylation) in the...
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Sex-Related Differences in Anxious-Depressive and Defensive Behavior in Wistar Rats
Sex-related differences in the behavior of animals in aversive situations were identified by comparing male and female Wistar rats in tests for...
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Integrated cardio-behavioral responses to threat define defensive states
Fear and anxiety are brain states that evolved to mediate defensive responses to threats. The defense reaction includes multiple interacting...
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Loss of GDE2 leads to complex behavioral changes including memory impairment
BackgroundAlzheimer’s disease (AD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/frontotemporal dementia (ALS/FTD) are debilitating neurodegenerative diseases...
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Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric condition that emerges in some people after experiencing a serious traumatic event like sexual...
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Protrudin-deficient mice manifest depression-like behavior with abnormalities in activity, attention, and cued fear-conditioning
Protrudin is a protein that resides in the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum and is highly expressed in the nervous system. Although mutations in...
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Activation of Serotonin System in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex by Sound Signals of Danger
Abstract —Intracerebral microdialysis in Sprague-Dawley rats showed that a conditioned sound signal (CS+) previously reinforced by unavoidable...
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The Functions of Dopamine in Operant Conditioned Reflexes
Dopamine neurons are activated by stimuli of both positive and negative modality according to the magnitude of the “willing effort” required to...