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The Behavioural Immune System of Lower Vertebrates
The immune system evolves under the ever-changing selective pressure of pathogens and its effective functioning involves not only immune-related...
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Generating prophylactic immunity against arboviruses in vertebrates and invertebrates
The World Health Organization recently declared a global initiative to control arboviral diseases. These are mainly caused by pathogenic flaviviruses...
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Parasitism in viviparous vertebrates: an overview
The reproductive mode of viviparity has independently evolved in various animal taxa. It refers to the condition in which the embryos or young...
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Natural and Experimental Sex Reversal in Birds and Other Groups of Vertebrates, with the Exception of Mammals
AbstractThe review is focused on the current problem of sex determination. Many research papers were devoted to this issue, but all the details of...
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Common principles for odour coding across vertebrates and invertebrates
The olfactory system is an ideal and tractable system for exploring how the brain transforms sensory inputs into behaviour. The basic tasks of any...
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General Rules of Brain Morphogenesis in Vertebrates: An Hourglass Model
It is widely held that three primary brain vesicles (forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain in a broad sense) develop into five secondary brain vesicles...
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Osmoregulation in Non-mammalian Vertebrates
In mammals, the kidney plays a key physiological role in the regulation of extracellular fluid volume and osmolality. The regulation of these...
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Riding the crest to get a head: neural crest evolution in vertebrates
In their seminal 1983 paper, Gans and Northcutt proposed that evolution of the vertebrate ‘new head’ was made possible by the advent of the neural...
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Evolution of Immunoglobulins in Vertebrates
Vertebrates evolved some 550 million years ago (Mya) and the vertebrate classes include three classes of fish (jawless, cartilaginous and bony) as...
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The immune system of jawless vertebrates: insights into the prototype of the adaptive immune system
Jawless vertebrates diverged from an ancestor of jawed vertebrates approximately 550 million years ago. They mount adaptive immune responses to...
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Whole blood and blood components from vertebrates differentially affect egg formation in three species of anautogenous mosquitoes
BackgroundMost female mosquitoes are anautogenous and must blood feed on a vertebrate host to produce eggs. Prior studies show that the number of...
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Discovery of a genetic module essential for assigning left–right asymmetry in humans and ancestral vertebrates
The vertebrate left–right axis is specified during embryogenesis by a transient organ: the left–right organizer (LRO). Species including fish,...
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Formation of Neuronal and Neuroglial Populations during Pre- and Postnatal Development of the CNS in Vertebrates
This article provides a brief review of concepts of the features of the pre- and postnatal development of the central nervous system in vertebrates....
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Evolution of pogo, a separate superfamily of IS630-Tc1-mariner transposons, revealing recurrent domestication events in vertebrates
BackgroundTc1/mariner and Zator , as two superfamilies of IS630-Tc1 - mariner ( ITm ) group, have been well-defined. However, the molecular evolution and...
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Genomic loss of the HSP70cA gene in the vertebrate lineage
Metazoan 70 kDa heat shock protein (HSP70) genes have been classified into four lineages: cytosolic A ( HSP70cA ), cytosolic B ( HSP70cB ), endoplasmic...
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Insect Hearing: Selected Historical Vignettes
How insects hear has understandably been influenced by what we know about how vertebrates hear. However, insects are among the smallest of...
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The Teleost Fish
In vertebrates, the basic structure of the central nervous system, including the cerebellum, is conserved from mammals to teleosts. The cerebellum of...
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The Ecology of Pathogenic Onygenales Fungi and the Impacts of Climate Change
Purpose of ReviewOnygenalean fungi have the potential to cause disease in vertebrates, including humans, due to their possession of various virulence...
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Evolutionary Aspects of Chamber Formation and Septation
The formed hearts of vertebrates are widely different in anatomy and performance, yet their embryonic hearts are surprisingly similar. Developmental...