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Role of spinal astrocytes through the perisynaptic astrocytic process in pathological pain
Pathological pain is caused by abnormal activity in the neural circuit that transmits nociceptive stimuli. Beyond homeostatic functions, astrocytes...
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AQP4 is an Emerging Regulator of Pathological Pain: A Narrative Review
Pathological pain presents significant challenges in clinical practice and research. Aquaporin-4 (AQP4), which is primarily found in astrocytes, is...
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Progress in Pathological and Therapeutic Research of HIV-Related Neuropathic Pain
HIV-related neuropathic pain (HRNP) is a neurodegeneration that gradually develops during the long-term course of acquired immune deficiency syndrome...
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Inhibitions and Down-Regulation of Motor Protein Eg5 Expression in Primary Sensory Neurons Reveal a Novel Therapeutic Target for Pathological Pain
The motor protein Eg5, known as kif11 or kinesin-5, interacts with adjacent microtubules in the mitotic spindle and plays essential roles in cell...
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Inflammation and Pain
Inflammation is the body’s natural response to injury or the infiltration of a foreign substance. The process is defined by five cardinal signs:...
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Epithelial-Neuronal Communication in Visceral Pain
Visceral hypersensitivity and pain are common symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Pain results, at least...
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Neuroinflammation in the Pathogenesis of Neuropathic Pain Syndrome
The problem of chronic pain is relevant in modern medicine due to its high prevalence and, in many cases, the low efficacy of available treatment...
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Neuron-Microglia Dynamic Duo in Chronic Abdominal Pain
Abdominal pain is one of the main symptoms of chronic gastrointestinal disorders including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and irritable bowel...
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Pain
Pain is one of the most common causes of suffering. The physiological function of pain is to alert the body of potentially noxious conditions...
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Post-injury pain and behaviour: a control theory perspective
Injuries of various types occur commonly in the lives of humans and other animals and lead to a pattern of persistent pain and recuperative behaviour...
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Fractal Similarity of Pain Brain Networks
The conscious perception of pain is the result of dynamic interactions of neural activities from local brain regions to distributed brain networks....
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Immunotherapy and Pain
Immunotherapy was initially developed as a method to treat cancer through the use of the host’s immune system. Now, immunotherapy is used as a...
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Effects of Glucocorticoid Hormones on Pain Sensitivity: Involvement of Glucocorticoid and Mineralocorticoid Receptors
Glucocorticoid hormones are widely used in the clinic as analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs for various types of pain. The actions of...
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VR for Pain Relief
The present chapter explores how immersive virtual reality (VR) systems can be used for pain research and treatment. Pain is a universal, yet...
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The locus coeruleus input to the rostral ventromedial medulla mediates stress-induced colorectal visceral pain
Unlike physiological stress, which carries survival value, pathological stress is widespread in modern society and acts as a main risk factor for...
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The medial prefrontal cortex and the cardiac baroreflex activity: physiological and pathological implications
The cardiac baroreflex is an autonomic neural mechanism involved in the modulation of the cardiovascular system. It influences the heart rate and...
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Astrocytes in Chronic Pain: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms
Chronic pain is challenging to treat due to the limited therapeutic options and adverse side-effects of therapies. Astrocytes are the most abundant...
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Pathological angiogenesis: mechanisms and therapeutic strategies
In multicellular organisms, angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing ones, is an essential process for growth and...
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Periaqueductal grey and spinal cord pathology contribute to pain in Parkinson’s disease
Pain is a key non-motor feature of Parkinson’s disease (PD) that significantly impacts on life quality. The mechanisms underlying chronic pain in PD...
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Peripheral Mechanism of Cancer-Induced Bone Pain
Cancer-induced bone pain (CIBP) is a type of ongoing or breakthrough pain caused by a primary bone tumor or bone metastasis. CIBP constitutes a...
