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The contribution of pattern recognition receptor signalling in the development of age related macular degeneration: the role of toll-like-receptors and the NLRP3-inflammasome
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of irreversible vision loss, characterised by the dysfunction and death of the...
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Toll-like receptor 7 and RIG-I-like receptors expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of naïve patients with hepatitis C
BackgroundThe proper function of Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) as a part of the host immune system can eliminate numerous pathogens from the...
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High production of IL-12 by human dendritic cells stimulated with combinations of pattern-recognition receptor agonists
The cytokine IL-12p70 is crucial for T helper 1 (Th1) polarization and the generation of type 1 immunity required to fight cancer and pathogens....
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Wie erkennen die Immunzellen ein Antigen?
Die Erkennung der konservierten Strukturen ist die Domäne des angeborenen Immunsystems, die Unterscheidung der variablen Strukturen die des adaptiven...
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MST1/2 exerts a pivotal role in inducing neuroinflammation and Coxsackievirus-A10 replication by interacting with innate immunity
Coxsackievirus-A10 (CV-A10), responsible for the hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) pandemic, could cause serious central nervous system (CNS)...
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Identification of intracellular activation mechanism of rhamnogalacturonan-I type polysaccharide purified from Panax ginseng leaves in macrophages and roles of component sugar chains on activity
This study aimed to investigate the mechanisms underlying intracellular signaling pathways in macrophages in relation to the structural features of...
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Immunity in Invertebrates, Plants, and Prokaryotes
Vertebrates are not the only organisms with well-developed immune systems. Practically all organisms have some form of innate immunity, and many have...
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Context-dependent functions of pattern recognition receptors in cancer
The immune system plays a critical role in sha** all facets of cancer, from the early initiation stage through to metastatic disease and resistance...
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Pattern recognition receptors and their nano-adjuvants for cancer immunotherapy
BackgroundPattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are crucial immune modulators that orchestrate innate and adaptive immune systems for the regulation...
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Role of alarmins in poststroke inflammation and neuronal repair
Severe loss of cerebral blood flow causes hypoxia and glucose deprivation in the brain tissue, resulting in necrotic cell death in the ischemic...
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Type I/type III IFN and related factors regulate JEV infection and BBB endothelial integrity
BackgroundJapanese encephalitis virus (JEV) remains a predominant cause of Japanese encephalitis (JE) globally. Its infection is usually accompanied...
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The impacts of viral infection and subsequent antimicrobials on the microbiome-resistome of growing pigs
BackgroundAntimicrobials are used in food-producing animals for purposes of preventing, controlling, and/or treating infections. In swine, a major...
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The advances of adjuvants in mRNA vaccines
The remarkable success of messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has propelled the rapid...
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Glycyrrhiza polysaccharides inhibits PRRSV replication
Glycyrrhiza polysaccharide (GCP) is a natural plant active polysaccharide extracted from traditional Chinese medicine licorice. In this research, we...
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Extracellular nucleoprotein exacerbates influenza virus pathogenesis by activating Toll-like receptor 4 and the NLRP3 inflammasome
Host immune responses, such as those initiated by pattern recognition receptor (PRR) activation, are important for viral clearance and pathogenesis....
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Innate immune recognition against SARS-CoV-2
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative virus of pandemic acute respiratory disease called coronavirus disease...
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The Adaptive Defense Response: Physiological and Pathological Stimulatory Potential of Food Components in the Antigen-Specific Immune Response
Upon prolonged immunogenic stimulation, an antigen-specific adaptive defense response is initiated. The established signaling of the innate defense...
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Cell-penetrating porcine single-chain antibodies (transbodies) against nonstructural protein 1β (NSP1β) of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus inhibit virus replication
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) worldwide, especially in...
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Evasion and Suppression of Immunity
Pathogens must evade or suppress the host’s immune system to persist. Immune evasion refers to passive evasion and active suppression of immune...