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Discovery and Overview of Par-4
Prostate apoptosis response-4 (Par-4) is a tumor suppressor that was first identified as an immediate early gene in a differential screen for genes...
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Par-4 in Cell Cycle Regulation
Cell cycle must be carefully controlled to ensure genetic materials are replicated once and only once per cycle and equal sister chromatid...
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Regulation of Par-4 Function by Phosphorylation
This chapter discusses the regulatory role of the phosphorylation of the tumor suppressor protein, Par-4 (PAWR, PRKC, apoptosis Wilm’s tumor 1...
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Regulation of Par-4 by Ubiquitinases
The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is a complex cellular machine that is responsible for maintaining normal homeostasis by targeting misfolded and...
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Conformational Studies of the Par-4 C-Terminal Domain
Par-4 is an approximately 40 kilodalton tumor suppressor protein that is critical for apoptotic processes that affect a wide variety of cancer cells....
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Role of Par-4 in GRP78 Translocation
GRP78 is a classical endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized protein, acting as a chaperone and master regulator of the unfolding protein response in...
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Regulation of Tumor Suppressor Par-4 by Ceramide
Prostate apoptosis response-4 (Par-4) is a pro-apoptotic protein that selectively induces apoptosis in cancer cells, thereby exerting prominent...
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Structural Analysis of Par-4 and Crystallographic Analysis of the Regulatory Domain
Par-4 is a largely disordered 332 amino-acid proapoptotic protein with tumor suppressor activity that is part of extrinsic/death receptor-mediated...
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Lack of miRNA-17 family mediates high glucose-induced PAR-1 upregulation in glomerular mesangial cells
Upregulation of thrombin receptor protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR-1) is verified to contribute to chronic kidney diseases, including diabetic...
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Role of Par-4 in EMT
The importance of Par-4 in apoptosis has been deciphered in depth. Interestingly, a paradigm shift is emerging with respect to the non-canonical...
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Recombinant Production and Characterization of Par-4/SAC
Recombinant Par-4/SAC protein is capable of inducing apoptosis selectively in cancer cells without affecting the normal cells and, hence, has the...
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Role of Par-4 in B-Cell Hematological Malignancies
Prostate apoptosis response-4 (Par-4) was identified as a tumor suppressor protein that is silenced by promoter methylation in various cancers and...
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Role of Par-4 in Radiation Sensitivity of Cancer
Radiation dose and fraction play an important role in dictating the pro-survival and pro-apoptotic effects. Pro-survival pathways that affect...
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Roles for Par-4 in Kidney Pathophysiology
Kidney acts to filter blood to remove metabolic wastes, balance fluid and maintain electrolyte levels in the body. Kidney disease affects many...
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The Par-4 Tumor Suppressor Protein in TCL1-Induced Leukemogenesis
Prostate apoptosis response 4 (Par-4) is a pleiotropic tumor suppressor protein that is downregulated in numerous solid tumors to evade its...
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Involvement of Par-4 in Breast Cancer
The normal mammary gland’s development, maintenance, and function depend on a complex signal transduction system orchestrated by integrins, growth...
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Potential of PAR-4 as a Therapeutic Target for Pancreatic Cancer
Pancreatic cancer is a lethal malignancy with an increased incidence. The disease lacks biomarkers and actionable molecular targets. KRAS, P53, SMAD,...
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Par-4 as a Therapeutic Target in Cancer and Other Diseases
The tumor suppressor Par-4 is a multi-faceted protein with intracellular cytoplasmic and nuclear functions, as well as extracellular paracrine...
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Demethylation in promoter region of severely damaged hepatocytes enhances chemokine receptor CXCR4 gene expression
The liver is known to possess remarkable regenerative potential, but persistent inflammation or severe acute injury can lead to liver fibrosis and...
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Par-4 in Neuronal Death and Survival in Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Neurogenerative Diseases
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegeneration in vulnerable regions of the hippocampus and cerebral cortex that leads to loss in...