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Beneficial and Adverse Effects of cART Affect Neurocognitive Function in HIV-1 Infection: Balancing Viral Suppression against Neuronal Stress and Injury
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) persist despite the successful introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). While...
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Despite early antiretroviral therapy effector memory and follicular helper CD4 T cells are major reservoirs in visceral lymphoid tissues of SIV-infected macaques
Whereas antiretroviral therapy (ART) suppresses viral replication, ART discontinuation results in viral rebound, indicating the presence of viral...
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Heterogeneity in HIV and cellular transcription profiles in cell line models of latent and productive infection: implications for HIV latency
BackgroundHIV-infected cell lines are widely used to study latent HIV infection, which is considered the main barrier to HIV cure. We hypothesized...
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Microbial Infections
The host-parasite relationship is determined by the interaction between host factors and the infecting microorganisms. The outcome of any microbial...
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Mucosal T-cell responses to chronic viral infections: Implications for vaccine design
Mucosal surfaces that line the respiratory, gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts are the major interfaces between the immune system and the...
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Quantitation of the latent HIV-1 reservoir from the sequence diversity in viral outgrowth assays
BackgroundThe ability of HIV-1 to integrate into the genomes of quiescent host immune cells, establishing a long-lived latent viral reservoir (LVR),...
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Tuberculosis: Experimental Models, Innovations, and Challenges
Tuberculosis (TB) is among the top ten killer diseases and remains the number one cause of death due to infection. A major bottleneck in TB research...
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Disruption of blood–brain barrier: effects of HIV Tat on brain microvascular endothelial cells and tight junction proteins
Although the widespread use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has prolonged the life span of people living with HIV (PLWH), the incidence of...
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Broad Spectrum Mixed Lineage Kinase Type 3 Inhibition and HIV-1 Persistence in Macrophages
Mixed lineage kinases (MLKs) are a group of serine-threonine kinases that evolved in part to respond to endogenous and exogenous insults that result...
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Treponema, Borrelia and Leptospira
Spirochetes have been classified in the order Spirochaetes. They vary in size from 5 to 500 μm in length. Many of them are free-living saprophytes,...
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Adeno-associated virus gene delivery of broadly neutralizing antibodies as prevention and therapy against HIV-1
Vectored gene delivery of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) using recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) is a promising alternative to...
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Factors Contributing to the Emergence of Viral Diseases
Viruses evolve and adapt to conform to brand new hosts and challenges, be it environmental or manmade. These obstacles can either prevent their...
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Nano-based drug delivery system: a smart alternative towards eradication of viral sanctuaries in management of NeuroAIDS
Even though the dawn of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) proved out to be a boon for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients,...
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Introduction to Viruses
The viruses are too small to be seen with a light microscope. Their small size allows them to pass through filters used to retain bacteria in...
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Measuring replication competent HIV-1: advances and challenges in defining the latent reservoir
Antiretroviral therapy cannot cure HIV-1 infection due to the persistence of a small number of latently infected cells harboring...
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Macrophages but not Astrocytes Harbor HIV DNA in the Brains of HIV-1-Infected Aviremic Individuals on Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy
The question of whether the human brain is an anatomical site of persistent HIV-1 infection during suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART) is...
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Host and Viral Factors Influencing Interplay between the Macrophage and HIV-1
HIV-1 persists in cellular reservoirs that cannot be eliminated by antiretroviral therapy (ART). The major reservoir in infected individuals on...
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Research priorities for an HIV cure: International AIDS Society Global Scientific Strategy 2021
Despite the success of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for people living with HIV, lifelong treatment is required and there is no cure. HIV can...
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Primary effusion lymphoma occurring in the setting of transplanted patients: a systematic review of a rare, life-threatening post-transplantation occurrence
BackgroundPrimary effusion lymphoma is a rare, aggressive large B-cell lymphoma strictly linked to infection by Human Herpes virus 8/Kaposi...
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Identification of Aristolactam Derivatives That Act as Inhibitors of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection and Replication by Targeting Tat-Mediated Viral Transcription
Despite the success of antiretroviral therapy (ART), efforts to develop new classes of antiviral agents have been hampered by the emergence of drug...
