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Axonal degeneration in the anterior insular cortex is associated with Alzheimer’s co-pathology in Parkinson’s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies
BackgroundAxons, crucial for impulse transmission and cellular trafficking, are thought to be primary targets of neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s...
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Cells of the Central Nervous System: An Overview of Their Structure and Function
The central nervous system is the last major organ system in the vertebrate body to yield its cellular structure, due to the complexity of its cells...
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Specific Blockade of Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2/4 Induces Oligodendrogenesis and Remyelination in Demyelinating Disorders
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) are present in demyelinated lesions of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. However, their differentiation into...
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Understanding the Ultra-Rare Disease Autosomal Dominant Leukodystrophy: an Updated Review on Morpho-Functional Alterations Found in Experimental Models
Autosomal dominant leukodystrophy (ADLD) is an ultra-rare, slowly progressive, and fatal neurodegenerative disorder associated with the loss of white...
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Oligodendroglial Gap Junction Communication in CNS Myelination and Demyelination
In the previous chapter, we discussed the physiological importance of gap junction proteins, namely connexins (Cxs), and the importance of astrocytes...
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Coordinated Regulation of Myelination by Growth Factor and Amino-acid Signaling Pathways
Myelin-forming oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) are essential for...
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Role of DAMPs and cell death in autoimmune diseases: the example of multiple sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis is a chronic neuroinflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) of unknown etiology and still...
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Astroglial and oligodendroglial markers in the cuprizone animal model for de- and remyelination
Myelin loss with consecutive axon degeneration and impaired remyelination are the underlying causes of progressive disease in patients with multiple...
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The interplay of inflammation and remyelination: rethinking MS treatment with a focus on oligodendrocyte progenitor cells
BackgroundMultiple sclerosis (MS) therapeutic goals have traditionally been dichotomized into two distinct avenues: immune-modulatory-centric...
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Rhombomere 5 r5
The structures of the auditory pathways (see Sect. 9.1.6 Nuclei of the superior olivary complex) have been dealt together with the cochlear nuclei...
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Contribution of Intravital Neuroimaging to Study Animal Models of Multiple Sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex and long-lasting neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS), characterized by the loss of...
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Elucidating hippocampal proteome dynamics in moderate hepatic encephalopathy rats: insights from high-resolution mass spectrometry
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a debilitating neurological disorder associated with liver failure and characterized by impaired brain function....
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Glial Cells: Neuroglia
In the human brain glial cells are as abundant as neurons. The relative number of glial cells has increased with increasing complexity of the central...
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Iron and Neuropathies
Iron is an indispensable element for metabolic reactions as it is involved in protein synthesis, brain functions, nerve conduction, and myelination....
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Bifidobacterium breve Probiotic Compared to Lactobacillus casei Causes a Better Reduction in Demyelination and Oxidative Stress in Cuprizone-Induced Demyelination Model of Rat
Despite the anatomical separation, strong evidence suggested a bidirectional association between gut microbiota and central nervous system....
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Knockdown of Golgi Stress-Responsive Caspase-2 Ameliorates HLD17-Associated AIMP2 Mutant-Mediated Inhibition of Oligodendroglial Cell Morphological Differentiation
Hypomyelinating leukodystrophy 17 is an autosomal recessive disease affecting myelin-forming oligodendroglial cells in the central nervous system....
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Generation and Maturation of Macroglia in the Central Nervous System
Nervous system development is a dynamic process that follows a highly constrained and genetically organised pattern leading to the generation of a...
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Causes of Congenital Malformations
Congenital malformations are structural abnormalities due to faulty development, present at birth, and amongst the major causes of prenatal,...
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An in vivo accelerated developmental myelination model for testing promyelinating therapeutics
BackgroundTherapeutic agents stimulating the process of myelination could be beneficial for the treatment of demyelinating diseases, such as multiple...
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Myelin Deficits Caused by Olig2 Deficiency Lead to Cognitive Dysfunction and Increase Vulnerability to Social Withdrawal in Adult Mice
Oligodendrocyte (OL) and myelin development are crucial for network integration and are associated with higher brain functions. Accumulating evidence...
