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Mechanisms and Regulation of Neuronal GABAB Receptor-Dependent Signaling
γ-Aminobutyric acid B receptors (GABABRs) are broadly expressed throughout the central nervous system where they play an important role in regulating...
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Investigation of the effects of catharanthine and Q10 on Nrf2 and its association with MMP-9, MRP1, and Bcl-2 and apoptosis in a model of hepatocellular carcinoma
Since the role of Nrf2 in cancer cell survival has been highlighted, the pharmacological modulation of the Nrf2-Keap1 pathway may provide new...
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The role of AMPK in macrophage metabolism, function and polarisation
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a ubiquitous sensor of energy and nutritional status in eukaryotic cells. It plays a key role in regulating...
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Critical roles of G protein-coupled receptors in regulating intestinal homeostasis and inflammatory bowel disease
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a group of membrane proteins that mediate most of the physiological responses to various signaling molecules...
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Heart failure-induced cognitive dysfunction is mediated by intracellular Ca2+ leak through ryanodine receptor type 2
Cognitive dysfunction (CD) in heart failure (HF) adversely affects treatment compliance and quality of life. Although ryanodine receptor type 2...
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A matter of new life and cell death: programmed cell death in the mammalian ovary
BackgroundThe mammalian ovary is a unique organ that displays a distinctive feature of cyclic changes throughout the entire reproductive period. The...
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Metformin in therapeutic applications in human diseases: its mechanism of action and clinical study
Metformin, a biguanide drug, is the most commonly used first-line medication for type 2 diabetes mellites due to its outstanding glucose-lowering...
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Inflammation Resolution Mediators: Future Prospects
Inflammation resolution is a complex system that involves a variety of lipid mediators, proteins, hormones, and gaseous mediators that act in a...
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Mitochondrial metabolic dysfunction and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: new insights from pathogenic mechanisms to clinically targeted therapy
Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is among the most widespread metabolic disease globally, and its associated...
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The Signaling Pathways Involved in the Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Plasticity
Signal transduction is essential for skeletal muscle functionality, a highly plastic tissue able to respond to mechanical and chemical stimuli by...
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Metabolism of Vascular Smooth Muscle
Metabolism refers to chemical reactions that take place in an organism to maintain its structure and activities, to respond to environment changes,...
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Cardiovascular protection by DPP-4 inhibitors in preclinical studies: an updated review of molecular mechanisms
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) inhibitors are a class of antidiabetic medications that cause glucose-dependent increase in incretins in diabetic...
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Endothelium-Derived Factors
The endothelium-dependent regulation of vascular tone is predominantly by four major players: nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin I2 (PGI2),...
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Recent advances on the molecular mechanisms of exercise-induced improvements of cognitive dysfunction
Physical exercise is of great significance for maintaining human health. Exercise can provide varying degrees of benefits to cognitive function at...
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Blood-testis barrier: a review on regulators in maintaining cell junction integrity between Sertoli cells
The blood-testis barrier (BTB) is formed adjacent to the seminiferous basement membrane. It is a distinct ultrastructure, partitioning testicular...
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Aquaporins in Diabetes Insipidus
Disruption of water and electrolyte balance is frequently encountered in clinical medicine. Regulating water metabolism is critically important....
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Key Signaling Pathways in the Cardiovascular System
The activity of the heart and vessels is permanently modulated in response to electrical, mechanical and chemical signals to maintain cardiovascular...
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Therapeutic Potential Effect of Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Beta (GSK-3β) Inhibitors in Parkinson Disease: Exploring an Overlooked Avenue
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease of the brain due to degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra...
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Bile Acid Toxicity and Protein Kinases
If the bile acids reach to pathological concentrations due to cholestasis, accumulation of hydrophobic bile acids within the hepatocyte may result in...
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Alzheimer’s Disease and Protein Kinases
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder and accounts for more than 60–80% of all cases of dementia. Loss of pyramidal...