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Comparative anatomy and ontogeny of the ductus arteriosus, a vascular outsider
In its function of separating pulmonary and systemic arterial blood flow, the ductus arteriosus, which connects both circuits, either closes...
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Relationship between arginine vasotocin-like and natriuretic peptide-like immunoreactive structures in the brain of the toad Bufo marinus
The distribution of natriuretic peptide-like immunoreactivity was investigated in the brain of Bufo marinus and compared with arginine...
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The extraretinal photoreceptors of non-mammalian vertebrates
When John Lythgoe published The Ecology of Vision in 1979 he did not include any discussion of extraretinal or extraocular photopigments. However,...
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Acoustic Communication in Fishes and Frogs
Many fish and amphibian species use sounds for communication in a wide range of behavioral and environmental contexts. The behaviors most often...
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The Sense of Hearing in Fishes and Amphibians
For humans, the act of hearing results in a set of experiences that can lead to knowledge, but may or may not lead to overt behaviors. Ordinary...
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Serotonergic neurons and processes in the adult and develo** retina of Ichthyophis kohtaoensis (Amphibia; Gymnophiona)
Ichthyophis kohtaoensis is a tropical, limbless amphibian species with extremely small eyes (540 μm in adults). Adapted to a subterranean, burrowing...
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The Acoustic Periphery of Amphibians: Anatomy and Physiology
According to current classification, the living amphibians are distributed among three orders—Caudata (newts and salamanders, or urodeles),...
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Distribution of pro-opiomelanocortin and its peptide end products in the brain and hypophysis of the aquatic toad, Xenopus laevis
Using in situ hybridization with a pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)-mRNA probe and immunocytochemistry with antisera to POMC and to various POMC-derived...
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Behavioural ecology and retinal cell topography
The vertebrate retina is an extension of the brain, a hemisphere of neural tissue upon which is mapped an image of a particular species visual...
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Identification and neuroanatomical distribution of immunoreactivity for mammalian gonadotropin-releasing hormone (mGnRH) in the brain and neural hypophyseal lobe of the toad Bufo arenarum
The presence and distribution of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in sexually mature specimens of Bufo arenarum was studied by reverse...
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Differential expression of the TFF-peptides xP1 and xP4 in the gastrointestinal tract of Xenopus laevis
TFF-peptides (formerly P-domain peptides, trefoil factors) represent major secretory products of the mammalian gastrointestinal tract. A molecular...
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Roles of macrophages in programmed cell death and remodeling of tail and body muscle of Xenopus laevis during metamorphosis
Examination was made of the involvement of macrophage phagocytosis in programmed cell death of tail and body muscle of the frog, Xenopus laevis ,...
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Characterization and localization of two forms of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in the spinal cord of the frog Rana ridibunda
Two molecular variants of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) have been previously characterized in the brain of amphibians, i.e., mammalian GnRH...
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Differences in genetic backgrounds affecting gonadal differentiation between two local populations of the Japanese wrinkled frog (Rana rugosa)
Gonadal differentiation in two local populations – Hamakita and Hiroshima – of the Japanese wrinkled frog ( Rana rugosa ) was examined from hatching...
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Heat shock protein 70 in the retina of Xenopus laevis, in vivo and in vitro: effect of metabolic stress
We utilized the frog eyecup as an in vitro model to compare heat-shock protein 70 (hsp70) synthesis in untreated retinas and in hyperthermia-,...
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Organization of atrial natriuretic factor-like immunoreactive system in the brain of the frog Rana esculenta during development
Immunocytochemical distribution of the atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) has been studied in the brain and pituitary of the anuran Rana esculenta ...
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Anurans
When they first appear in the fossil record during the Jurassic, frogs appear essentially modern in their skeletal anatomy (Romer and Parsons 1977;...
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Introduction
This section surveys the structure and function of the central nervous system in the various groups of vertebrates. Since it would be impossible to...
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Colocalization of serotonin and GABA in retinal neurons of Ichthyophis kohtaoensis (Amphibia; Gymnophiona)
Ichthyophis kohtaoensis , a member of the limbless Gymnophiona, has a specialized subterranean burrowing mode of life and a predominantly...
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Urodeles
The modern Amphibia are quite different from their remote Paleozoic ancestors. The modern forms are generally considered to be a single monophyletic...