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Prosomeric classification of retinorecipient centers: a new causal scenario
The retina is known to target many superficial areas in the brain. These have always been studied under the tenets of the classic columnar brain...
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AAV delivery of shRNA against IRS1 in GABAergic neurons in rat hippocampus impairs spatial memory in females and male rats
Brain insulin resistance is a major factor leading to impaired cognitive function and it is considered as the onset of Alzheimer´s disease. Insulin...
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The Mouse Olfactory System
For mice the olfactory system is a very important resource for exploration of the environment and for reproductive behavior. The olfactory system...
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Linear Kinetics
In the previous chapter, we learned that kinematic principles and measurements of motion could be used to provide knowledge for improving human...
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Abdominal aura is also known as visceral aura and epigastric aura. The term abdominal aura is indebted to the Latin words abdomen (belly) and aura...
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NGF and the Amyloid Precursor Protein in Alzheimer’s Disease: From Molecular Players to Neuronal Circuits
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), one of the most common causes of dementia in elderly people, is characterized by progressive impairment in cognitive...
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Neuroanatomical Tracing Based on Selective Fluorochrome Expression in Transgenic Animals
The present chapter focuses on new developments in neuroanatomical tracing techniques. Two recent innovations are highlighted: the use of transgenic...
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Basal forebrain subcortical projections
The basal forebrain (BF) contains at least three distinct populations of neurons (cholinergic, glutamatergic, and GABA-ergic) across its different...
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Sleep-Wake Neurobiology
Sleep and wakefulness are complex, tightly regulated behaviors that occur in virtually all animals. With recent exciting developments in neuroscience...
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The Reticular Formation and the Neuromodulatory Systems
Almost a century ago, Constantin von Economo observed that in patients with encephalitis lethargica lesions in the upper brain stem and posterior...
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Cholinergic receptor binding in unimpaired older adults, mild cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer’s disease dementia
BackgroundCholinergic neurotransmitter system dysfunction contributes to cognitive impairment in Alzheimer’s disease and other syndromes. However,...
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Effects of nicotine on regional blood flow in the olfactory bulb in response to olfactory nerve stimulation
This study examined the effect of olfactory nerve stimulation on regional cerebral blood flow and assessed the effect of intravenous nicotine...
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Multiple strategies to correct errors in foot placement and control speed in human walking
Neural feedback plays a key role in maintaining locomotor stability in the face of perturbations. In this study, we systematically identified...
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The Limbic System
The term “limbic” was first used in 1664 by Thomas Willis to describe the cortical structures on the medial side of the cerebral hemisphere,...
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The Effects of Melanin-Concentrating Hormone on Neurotransmitter Systems Involved in the Generation and Maintenance of Wakefulness
Within the central nervous system (CNS), melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) participates in a number of functions including sleep-wake behavior. In...
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Basal Ganglia
The basal ganglia are a group of closely connected cell masses, forming a more or less continuum, extending from the telencephalon to the midbrain...
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Regional modulation of the ankle plantarflexor muscles associated with standing external perturbations across different directions
Maintenance of upright standing posture has often been explained using the inverted pendulum model. This model considers the ankle plantarflexors to...
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Muscle activities in similar arms performing identical tasks reveal the neural basis of muscle synergies
Are the muscle synergies extracted from multiple electromyographic signals an expression of neural information processing, or rather a by-product of...
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A whole-brain map of long-range inputs to GABAergic interneurons in the mouse medial prefrontal cortex
The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) contains populations of GABAergic interneurons that play different roles in cognition and emotion. Their local...
