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Anatomy of Emotion
Traditionally, we distinguish between the emotional experience and the expression of emotional states. Emotional experience refers to subjective...
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Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Targeting Purinergic and Orexinergic Receptors in Alcoholic Neuropathy
Alcoholic neuropathy emerges following the persistent alcohol imbibing, and triggers nerve damage through de-escalating the receptors situated in the...
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Morphofunctional Features of Microglial Cells during the Administration of Orexin A
The neurotransmitter orexin A (1 μl of a solution with a concentration of 0.3 mM) was injected into the second brain ventricle of wild-type C57BL/6...
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Ethanol Neurotoxicity
Ethanol or ethyl alcohol is an age-old substance with abuse potential that can lead to a myriad of organ damage as well as behavioral and...
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Sleep Disorders in Multiple Sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Along with a variety of motor...
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Obesity: Brain Mechanisms in Hypothalamic and Extrahypothalamic Regions
Obesity prevalence has reached epidemic proportions and obesity rates are expected to further rise in the coming decades. Such escalations pose...
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Brain Clocks, Sleep, and Mood
The suprachiasmatic nucleus houses the master clock, but the genes which encode the circadian clock components are also expressed throughout the...
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The neurobiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection
Worldwide, over 694 million people have been infected with SARS-CoV-2, with an estimated 55–60% of those infected develo** COVID-19. Since the...
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Sleep During Hypnotic Therapy
Insomnia is a significant public health burden with a prevalence rate of 5–50% in the general population. Evidence indicates that histaminergic,...
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Understanding the Chemical Interactions in the Brain of Schizophrenia Patients
Schizophrenia is considered both a neurodegenerative and psychotic disorder. Since 1800 there have been multiple hypotheses on schizophrenia but the...
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Histamine-4 Receptor: Emerging Target for the Treatment of Neurological Diseases
A major challenge in the field of the biogenic amine histamine is the search for new-generation histamine receptor specific drugs. Daniel Bovet and...
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Elementary Central Nervous System Arousal
Wakefulness permits a set of states in which an animal can sense stimuli and then actively respond to the environment. Fundamental endeavors such as...
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Structural Changes in Human Brain Tissue in Prenatal Alcoholization at Different Periods of Intrauterine Development
Objectives . To assess the influences of prenatal alcoholization on the formation of various structural components of the brain in human embryos. Materi...
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Histamine research advancements in the second year of the COVID-19 pandemic: report of the European Histamine Research Society (EHRS)
In the light of cancellation of the 50th Annual Meeting of the European Histamine Research Society (EHRS) due to continuing challenges and...
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Sleep Regulation and Insomnia
For years, the subject of sleep failed to generate much interest from either the field of medicine or that of psychology – a curious fact, as a...
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Neuropeptides Modulate Feeding via the Dopamine Reward Pathway
Dopamine (DA) is a catecholamine neurotransmitter widely distributed in the central nervous system. It participates in various physiological...
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The regulation of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus in sleep–wake states
The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) plays a vital role in sleep/wake states. There are three main kinds of heterogeneous neurons involved:...