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General Principles of Toxicology
This chapter deals with the general principles and emergence of science-based toxicology and the scope and current status of veterinary toxicology....
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Case study: Is bisphenol S safer than bisphenol A in thermal papers?
The Risk Assessment Committee of the European Chemical Agency released a scientific opinion alerting that the risk associated with dermal...
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The Yin–Yang of CYP3A4: a Bayesian meta-analysis to quantify inhibition and induction of CYP3A4 metabolism in humans and refine uncertainty factors for mixture risk assessment
Quantifying differences in pharmacokinetics (PK) and toxicokinetics (TK) provides a science-based approach to refine uncertainty factors (UFs) for...
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The Role of Toxicokinetics and Toxicodynamics in Developmental and Translational Toxicology
Toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics vary depending on dose, developmental stage and exposure timing. The embryo is the developmental stage most...
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Exposure to Substances via Food Consumption
Many substances enter the human body via the consumption of food, and this can account for a large amount of the consumer exposures to particular...
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Adverse Outcome Pathways to Support the Assessment of Chemical Mixtures
Due to the ever-increasing number of chemicals coming to market, and the cost of performing traditional in vivo studies, there has been a shift...
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Iminostilbene Anticonvulsants: Carbamazepine and Oxcarbazine
Carbamazepine (CBZ) is a carbamylated derivative of iminostilbene and is related structurally to the cyclic antidepressants [1]. It is currently...
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γ-Hydroxybutyric Acid (GHB) Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics: Semi-Mechanistic and Physiologically Relevant PK/PD Model
An overdose of γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), a drug of abuse, results in fatality caused by severe respiratory depression. In this study, a...
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Modeling Complex Exposures
This chapter deals with the aspects of modeling complex exposures, highlighting the integration of various external and internal exposure models,...
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Arsenic and Immune Response to Infection During Pregnancy and Early Life
Purpose of ReviewArsenic, a known carcinogen and developmental toxicant, is a major threat to global health. While the contribution of arsenic...
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Evaluation of relative effect potencies (REPs) for dioxin-like compounds to derive systemic or human-specific TEFs to improve human risk assessment
Toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) are generally applied for estimating human risk of dioxins and dioxin-like compounds using systemic (e.g., blood)...
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The Simplest Flowchart Stating the Mechanisms for Organic Xenobiotics-induced Toxicity: Can it Possibly be Accepted as a “Central Dogma” for Toxic Mechanisms?
Xenobiotics causing a variety of toxicity in biological systems could be classified as two types, inorganic and organic chemicals. It is estimated...
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Iminostilbene Anticonvulsants: Carbamazepine/Oxcarbazepine
Carbamazepine (CBZ) is a carbamylated derivative of iminostilbene and is related structurally to the cyclic antidepressants [1]. It is currently...
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Toxicokinetics: The Behaviour of Chemicals in the Body
Four basic processes govern the concentrations toxicants achieve within vulnerable tissues – absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion....
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The Epigenetic Effects of Prenatal Cadmium Exposure
Prenatal exposure to the highly toxic and common pollutant cadmium has been associated with adverse effects on child health and development. However,...
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Validation of Alternative In Vitro Methods to Animal Testing: Concepts, Challenges, Processes and Tools
This chapter explores the concepts, processes, tools and challenges relating to the validation of alternative methods for toxicity and safety...
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Perfluorinated Compounds: An Overview
This chapter provides an overarching introduction to the subject matter of this volume: toxicology and health effects of perfluorinated compounds...
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Toxicokinetic Tests
Toxicokinetics is an integral component of toxicological studies in order to interrelate the administered dose with the associated effect....
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Pediatric Toxicology
The preponderance of reported exposures to potentially toxic substances each year occurs in children. While many of these exposures are presumed...