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Article
Effects of Nectar Property on Compensated Dip** Behavior of Honey Bees with Damaged Tongues
In nature, bees with damaged tongues are adapted to have a feat in collecting nectariferous sources in a large spectrum of concentrations (19%–69%) or viscosities (10–3 Pa·s to 10–1 Pa·s); however, effects of nec...
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Article
Operculum of a Water Snail is a Hydrodynamic Lubrication Sheet
Water snails developed a distinct appendage, the operculum, to better protect the body against predators. When the animal is active and crawling, part of the underside of the shell rests on the outer surface o...
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Article
The Honeybee’s Protrusible Glossa is a Compliant Mechanism
Many biological structures can perform highly-dexterous actions by using dynamic surfaces. To deal with the contradictive demands of high feeding efficiency and low energy expenditure during nectar feeding, th...
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Article
Drag Reduction in the Mouthpart of a Honeybee Facilitated by Galea Ridges for Nectar-Dip** Strategy
Some nectarivorous animals have evolved highly specialized tongues to gather nectar from flowers. Here we show that the Italian honeybee, Apis mellifera ligustica, uses the uniformly-distributed ridges on the int...