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Article
Open AccessDistinct immune responses and virus shedding in pigs following aerosol, intra-nasal and contact infection with pandemic swine influenza A virus, A(H1N1)09
Influenza virus infection in pigs is a major farming problem, causing considerable economic loss and posing a zoonotic threat. In addition the pig is an excellent model for understanding immunity to influenza ...
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Article
Open AccessAssessment of T-dependent and T-independent immune responses in cattle using a B cell ELISPOT assay
Understanding the mechanisms that maintain protective antibody levels after immunisation is important for vaccine design. In this study, we have determined the kinetics of plasma and memory B cells detectable ...
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Article
Open AccessCattle remain immunocompetent during the acute phase of foot-and-mouth disease virus infection
Infection of cattle with foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) results in the development of long-term protective antibody responses. In contrast, inactivated antigen vaccines fail to induce long-term protective...