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Article
Open AccessEmerging variants develop total escape from potent monoclonal antibodies induced by BA.4/5 infection
The rapid evolution of SARS-CoV-2 is driven in part by a need to evade the antibody response in the face of high levels of immunity. Here, we isolate spike (S) binding monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from vaccine...
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Article
Open AccessThe SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody response to SD1 and its evasion by BA.2.86
Under pressure from neutralising antibodies induced by vaccination or infection the SARS-CoV-2 spike gene has become a hotspot for evolutionary change, leading to the failure of all mAbs developed for clinical...
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Article
Double-Doped Carbon-Based Electrodes with Nitrogen and Oxygen to Boost the Areal Capacity of Zinc–Bromine Flow Batteries
Ensuring a stable power output from renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar energy, depends on the development of large-scale and long-duration energy storage devices. Zinc–bromine flow batteries (ZBF...
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Article
Open AccessGeneration of SARS-CoV-2 escape mutations by monoclonal antibody therapy
COVID-19 patients at risk of severe disease may be treated with neutralising monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). To minimise virus escape from neutralisation these are administered as combinations e.g. casirivimab+i...
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Chapter
Prologue
The ancient Chinese is the language from which modern Chinese language is derived. That is to say, ancient Chinese language evolved to what is now termed as modern Chinese. Since modern Chinese developed from ...
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Chapter
Rhyme Books and Dengyun
Among the extant materials of fanqie in the rhyme books of the Song Dynasty, there are 3,815 phoneticized characters (qieyin) in Guangyun, and 4,473 phoneticizations in Jiyun, which seem highly fragmented and met...
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Chapter
Flexible Use of Parts of Speech
To distinguish parts of speech is the basis for syntactic and grammatical analysis of ancient Chinese. Except in some special cases, parts of speech in ancient Chinese are roughly similar to those of modern Ch...
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Chapter
Doubtful Expressions in Ancient Books
Chinese ancient books, especially those written in the Pre-Qin Period, contained Many unique expressions that were significantly different from those in later times in both grammatical and rhetorical senses.
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Chapter
Declarative, Exclamatory, Interrogative and Imperative Sentences
According to the purpose or mood of expression, sentences can be divided into four types: declarative (or statement), exclamatory, interrogative and imperative. A declarative sentence makes a statement, descri...
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Chapter
“Cognate Words with Similar Pronunciation” (義存於聲) and “Interchangeable Words with Similar Pronunciation” (聲**義通) in Exegesis
Wang Yinzhi, in his General Exegeses of the Classics, quoted the words of his father Wang Niansun “Meanings of alliterative and rhymed characters are generally based on pronunciation rather than forms.”
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Chapter
Compound Sentences and Conjunctions
There are a great number of long simple sentences in modern written Chinese, and they tend to contain a lot of coordinated structures and modifying components. Such sentences, however, are rare in ancient Chin...
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Chapter
Sentences
A sentence is a basic unit of language. The smallest free unit—word—can express meaning and exchange ideas only by forming a complete sentence according to certain grammatical rules. Therefore, even during the...
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Chapter
Tonal and Rhythmic Patterns
Literary compositions in rhyme appear early in ancient Chinese, mostly to the beat of labor routines in everyday life. The ballads and proverbs in colloquial language were the “sounds of the nature”. Later som...
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Chapter
Personal Pronouns and Demonstrative Pronouns
Pronouns serve the functions of substitution and demonstration. For example, “吾” (I) and “爾” (you) can be used to replace persons, while “彼” (that) and “此” (this) to replace both persons and objects (In the se...
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Chapter
General Knowledge of Classic Chinese Bibliography
The general knowledge of classic Chinese bibliography is on the “periphery” of classic Chinese. Reading ancient Chinese books is essential to the study of classic Chinese. Some general knowledge in this regard...
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Book
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Chapter
Ellipsis and Word Order
Ellipsis is a common phenomenon in both ancient and modern Chinese. As ellipsis is more frequently used in ancient Chinese, a detailed discussion is still warranted. It should be noted, in our discussion of el...
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Chapter
A Brief Introduction to Form and Meaning of Chinese Characters & Dictionaries
A writing system, as a tool of recording, is attached to language with visual symbols as the medium. The sound (音) in pronunciation is different from the ordinary “sound” and it is always associated with meani...
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Chapter
Quantity and Comparison
In linguistic studies, the quantity of concrete objects is called nominal quantification while the quantity of actions is called verbal quantification. Each quantification consists of numerals as well as class...
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Chapter
Interpretation of Word Meaning
As mentioned earlier, to interpret words, we should get some basic knowledge of extensions, phonetic loans and “cognate words with similar pronunciation”.
