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Reference Work Entry
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Oncology
Pediatric Surgery
Pediatrics
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Living Reference Work Entry In depth
Pathologic Perspectives on Prognosis in Soft Tissue Sarcoma
Sarcomas, a diverse group of malignant neoplasms originating from connective tissues, include over 70 recognized subtypes. Although sarcomas constitute a smaller proportion of cancers in adults, they are notab...
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Living Reference Work Entry In depth
The Surgeon and the Decision-Making Process for Children with Cancer
Surgery plays critical roles in pediatric cancer care and pediatric oncology surgeons are key to the successful treatment of children with cancer in various ways. This chapter invites you to travel through the...
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Living Reference Work Entry In depth
Principles of Intervention
Surgical intervention plays a major part in the management of many pediatric cancer patients. The particular role it plays varies with the diagnosis and location of the disease. The goals of surgical intervent...
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Living Reference Work Entry In depth
Hereditary Factors in Carcinogenesis and the Key Cancer Syndromes
Cancer is a genetic disease—with the role of somatic mutations in tumor cells well-described in all cancer types. The role of germline genetic changes has also been long-recognized in familial cancer syndromes...
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Living Reference Work Entry In depth
Infections in Immunosuppressed Pediatric Patients
Infections are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in children undergoing treatment for cancer. Up to two-thirds of toxic deaths during cancer treatment are caused by infections, which are especially...
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Testicular Torsion
Testicular torsion is the most common genitourinary emergency in childhood with an estimated incidence of 3.5–4.5 per 100.000 males younger than 25 years attending the hospital every year (Mansbach et al., Arc...
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Augmentation Cystoplasty
Bladder augmentation (BA) with GI tissue is an important tool in the armamentarium of the urologist in the management of children requiring reconstruction for urinary incontinence, preserving the upper urinary...
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Living Reference Work Entry In depth
Childhood Outcome Disparities in Cancer Care
The limited data on childhood cancer incidence in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), evidenced from the few cancer registries from such countries that contributed data to IICC-3 and other similar projec...
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Embryology of the Urinary Tract
Embryology provides the basis for the understanding of human anatomy – as a field, it has expanded exponentially following advances in molecular and experimental techniques. An understanding of embryogenesis a...
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Adverse Effects and Considerations Associated with Excessive or Unwarranted Imaging
Medical imaging plays a crucial role in the diagnosis, staging, monitoring of response to therapy and longitudinally following patients after completion of therapy to detect recurrent disease, second cancers, ...
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Living Reference Work Entry In depth
Emergency in Pediatric Oncology
Emergencies in pediatric oncology are extreme situations where the oncologist and surgeon have to be quick and accurate in solving the problem. Working with a trained and coordinated multiprofessional team is ...
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Living Reference Work Entry In depth
Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction
With the wide spread of maternal ultrasound, the incidence of hydronephrosis has increased significantly, altering the practice of urology. Management of antenatal hydronephrosis after birth remains controvers...
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Ureteral Duplication and Duplex Systems
There is a huge anatomical variety in ureteral duplications, ureteral ectopia, and ureteroceles. Embryology is complex and often not well understood. Due to the heterogeneity of patients with those issues, the...
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Evaluation and Management of Urinary Tract Infections in Children
Urinary tract infections (UTI) represent a major infectious etiology of morbidity in children. Over the past two decades, the approach to evaluation and management of factors associated with the pathogenesis o...
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Living Reference Work Entry In depth
Indications for Gene Testing for At Risk Families and Genetic Risk Calculation
Approximately 10–15% of pediatric malignancies can be attributed to an underlying cancer predisposition syndrome (CPS). Heritable conditions arise in the germline as a result of a pathogenic variant (mutation)...
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Urinary Tract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is evolving as an imaging modality for the urinary tract that offers not only superior anatomic but also functional assessment, without the use of ionizing radiation. This comp...
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Dialysis
Providing optimum care to the infant, child, and adolescent patient requiring acute or chronic dialysis therapy demands that attention be directed to a variety of clinical issues. Pediatric patients with acute...
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Novel Imaging Techniques for Childhood Cancer Management
Imaging in pediatric oncology is taking on increasing roles in diagnosis, staging, treatment planning, and monitoring of response to therapy. Novel techniques, sparked by advances in hardware and software tech...
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Living Reference Work Entry In depth
Nutrition Supportive Care of the Pediatric Oncology Patient Undergoing Surgery
Managing the medical nutrition therapy of children undergoing treatment for cancer can be daunting. During cancer treatment there are many side effects that may hinder the provision of adequate nutrients for p...
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Reference Work Entry In depth
Principles of Minimally Invasive Surgery
Minimally invasive surgical techniques have become utilized to perform increasingly complex procedures. Initially used in adults, technology and experience have allowed surgeons and urologists to limit the nee...
