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    Testicular Torsion

    Testicular torsion is the most common genitourinary emergency in childhood with an estimated incidence of 3.5–4.5 per 100.000 males younger than 25 years attending the hospital every year (Mansbach et al., Arc...

    Salvatore Cascio in Pediatric Surgery (2023)

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    Augmentation Cystoplasty

    Bladder augmentation (BA) with GI tissue is an important tool in the armamentarium of the urologist in the management of children requiring reconstruction for urinary incontinence, preserving the upper urinary...

    Boris Chertin, Stanislav Koucherov, Ofer Z. Shenfeld in Pediatric Surgery (2023)

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    Embryology of the Urinary Tract

    Embryology provides the basis for the understanding of human anatomy – as a field, it has expanded exponentially following advances in molecular and experimental techniques. An understanding of embryogenesis a...

    K. L. M. Pfistermüller, Peter Cuckow in Pediatric Surgery (2023)

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    Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction

    With the wide spread of maternal ultrasound, the incidence of hydronephrosis has increased significantly, altering the practice of urology. Management of antenatal hydronephrosis after birth remains controvers...

    Boris Chertin, Galiya Raisin, Prem Puri in Pediatric Surgery

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    Ureteral Duplication and Duplex Systems

    There is a huge anatomical variety in ureteral duplications, ureteral ectopia, and ureteroceles. Embryology is complex and often not well understood. Due to the heterogeneity of patients with those issues, the...

    Ramnath Subramaniam, Alexander Springer in Pediatric Surgery (2023)

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    Evaluation and Management of Urinary Tract Infections in Children

    Urinary tract infections (UTI) represent a major infectious etiology of morbidity in children. Over the past two decades, the approach to evaluation and management of factors associated with the pathogenesis o...

    Linda C. Lee, Frank J. Penna, Martin A. Koyle in Pediatric Surgery (2023)

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    Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Urinary Tract

    Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is evolving as an imaging modality for the urinary tract that offers not only superior anatomic but also functional assessment, without the use of ionizing radiation. This comp...

    Kristin M. Broderick, J. Damien Grattan-Smith, Andrew J. Kirsch in Pediatric Surgery (2023)

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    Dialysis

    Providing optimum care to the infant, child, and adolescent patient requiring acute or chronic dialysis therapy demands that attention be directed to a variety of clinical issues. Pediatric patients with acute...

    Dieter Haffner, Christian Lerch in Pediatric Surgery (2023)

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    Principles of Minimally Invasive Surgery

    Minimally invasive surgical techniques have become utilized to perform increasingly complex procedures. Initially used in adults, technology and experience have allowed surgeons and urologists to limit the nee...

    Joseph J. Pariser, Blake B. Anderson, Mohan S. Gundeti in Pediatric Surgery (2023)

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    Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney Disease

    Multicystic dysplastic kidney disease (MCDK) is a unique entity in the broad spectrum of cystic diseases of the kidney. Classical features include nonfunctioning renal parenchyma accompanied by multiple noncom...

    Imran Mushtaq, Maria Asimakidou, Vasilis Stavrinides in Pediatric Surgery (2023)

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    Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction

    With the wide spread of maternal ultrasound, the incidence of hydronephrosis has increased significantly, altering the practice of urology. Management of antenatal hydronephrosis after birth remains controvers...

    Boris Chertin, Galiya Raisin, Prem Puri in Pediatric Surgery (2023)

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    Anatomical and Functional Basis of Vesicoureteral Reflux

    Vesicoureteral reflux is due to abnormalities of the ureterovesical junction. Reflux is prevented by the presence of an adequate submucosal ureter within the bladder, which acts as a passive one-way flap valve...

    J. Christopher Austin, Steven J. Skoog in Pediatric Surgery (2023)

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    Ureteroceles

    Ureteroceles are congenital cystic dilations of the distal aspect of the ureter which often lead to partial or complete obstruction of their associated renal unit with resulting hydroureteronephrosis. They are...

    Kristin M. Broderick, Andrew J. Kirsch in Pediatric Surgery (2023)

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    Surgical Treatment of Vesicoureteric Reflux

    Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) describes the retrograde flow of urine from the bladder into the ureters and upper urinary tract. VUR may lead to pyelonephritis, reflux nephropathy, hypertension and, ultimately, c...

    Mohamed Sameh Shalaby, Laura Jackson in Pediatric Surgery

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    Endoscopic Treatment of Vesicoureteral Reflux

    Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is one of the most common urological abnormalities, affecting 1–2% of the pediatric population and 25–40% of children presenting with urinary tract infection (UTI). The association ...

    Florian Friedmacher, Prem Puri in Pediatric Surgery (2023)

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    Bladder Exstrophy, Epispadias, and Cloacal Exstrophy

    This group of anomalies comprises a spectrum of lower midline disorders affecting the pelvic ring, the lower abdominal wall, the bladder, and the genitalia. Predominantly occurring in males, the commonest is c...

    Peter Cuckow, May Bisharat in Pediatric Surgery (2023)

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    Posterior Urethral Valves

    The purpose of this chapter is to review the literature on posterior urethral valves (PUVs) and to provide a succinct, yet comprehensive summary thereof, focusing on patient presentation, diagnosis, management...

    Abhishek Seth, Chester J. Koh, Aylin N. Bilgutay, David A. Diamond in Pediatric Surgery (2023)

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    Different Sexual Development

    Differences/disorders of sex development (DSD) are a heterogenous group of congenital conditions in which the development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex is atypical. DSD’s main categories are based...

    Maria Marcela Bailez, Mariana Costanzo, Javier Ruiz in Pediatric Surgery (2023)

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    Hypospadias

    The hypospadiac genital tubercle (GT) is the consequence of a development arrest of the tissues forming its ventral aspect, which occurs during the “masculinization window” (6–16 weeks of gestation). The cause...

    Pierre Mouriquand, Daniela Brindusa Gorduza, Pierre-Yves Mure in Pediatric Surgery (2023)

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    Living Reference Work Entry In depth

    Antenatal Hydronephrosis

    Antenatal hydronephrosis (AHN), also called urinary tract dilation, has been increasingly recognized with the widespread use of fetal ultrasound. Pediatricians, neonatologists, pediatric surgeons, and/or pedia...

    Luis H. Braga, CD Anthony Herndon in Pediatric Surgery

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