45 Result(s)
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Nicholas Graziane
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Long-Term Measurements
Long-term measurements in slice electrophysiology typically constitute and . These measurements can last 1–2 h, requiring minimal baseline noise and easy detection of activated synaptic receptors. This can ...
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Electrical Theory
The basic flow of ions into or out of a cell has the potential to greatly impact the propagation of electrical signals. This chapter focuses on the electrical properties of ions as they move through a conducti...
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Amplitude
Amplitudes in ex vivo electrophysiological measurements refer to the value of currents or potentials recorded from one cell or a population of cells at a given time point. This chapter discusses amplitude meas...
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Salt Environment
In order to develop physiologically relevant experiments that test electrical activity in and between neurons, it is necessary to closely model the physiological milieu. This chapter discusses external and int...
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Run-Up and Run-Down
A burden associated with electrophysiology is potential artifacts that look like physiological events but are instead mistakenly incorporated into the experimental recordings. Two such artifacts discussed in t...
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Dendritic Patch
So far, we have discussed patch clamp procedures that target the neuronal soma. However, electrical properties of neurons are critically influenced by dendrites, which not only make up a large portion of neuro...
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Spatiotemporal Effects of Synaptic Current
A neuron receives excitatory and inhibitory electrical signals from other neurons via synaptic connections on dendritic spines, branches, or somatic membranes. These signals travel from different locations to ...
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Measurement of a Single Synapse
Electrophysiological measurements of single synapses are challenging given the size of a single synapse relative to a patch pipette. In addition, one has to take into account the limitations of microscopes in ...
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Extracellular Recordings
In this chapter, we answer key questions that are relevant to in vivo electrophysiological measurement such as what generates in vivo electrophysiological signals and how can these signals be measured? We also...
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Isolation of Synaptic Current
can be examined by a variety of different approaches such as isolating quantal currents or evoking currents using electrical or optical . Below we provide conceptual and technical information for miniature, ...
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Measuring Presynaptic Release Probability
Measuring the probability of (Pr) at chemical synaptic connections can provide valuable insights as to how neurocircuits are altered by external stimuli or internal developmental impairments. This chapter hi...
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Extracellular and Intracellular Recordings
This chapter explores extracellular ( and ) and intracellular recording techniques (inside-out patch, outside-out patch, sharp-electrode recordings, whole-cell patch). Included is a description of how each t...
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Measuring Reversal Potentials
The reversal potential refers to the membrane potential at which the current changes its flowing direction. For electrophysiological measurements, the change in direction can either mean inward currents becomi...
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Pre-vs. Post-synaptic Effect
A commonly pursued goal in studying synaptic plasticity is to determine whether synaptic inputs undergo presynaptic and/or postsynaptic alterations following a stimulus and how these alterations affect the fir...
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Patch Pipettes (Micropipettes)
Joining an established electrophysiology laboratory typically means that the process has already been perfected allowing newcomers to be trained without a complete understanding of how the current method was...
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Electrophysiological and Visual Tags
Just like we can identify friends based on physical characteristics (voice, appearance, etc.), so too can we identify synaptic proteins or neurons based on their electrophysiological characteristics. This chap...
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Perforated Patch
In clamp mode, the internal solution of the micropipette perfuses the cell replacing the much smaller cytosolic solution. Because of this, some soluble factors that modulate cellular excitability and influen...
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Measurement of Silent Synapses
In this chapter, we describe the approaches that can be implemented to estimate the level of excitatory silent synapses. For each approach, there are , which we describe at the end of the chapter. However, be...
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Fast and Slow Synaptic Currents
There are different types of synapses and receptors that regulate fast and slow . This chapter discusses two classes of synapses (e.g., chemical and electrical) and the receptors that populate these synapses ...
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Measuring Kinetics of Synaptic Current
In electrophysiology, to identify whether a manipulation affected synaptic connections, it is common to measure the peak amplitude of the synaptic . However, the time it takes to reach the peak amplitude (ris...
